Theveryrichareneitheraristocratsnorself-mademen；theyareaccidents——orrathercalamities。Allrevolutionarylanguageisagenerationbehindthetimesintalkingoftheirfutility。A
revolutionistwouldsay(withperfecttruth)thatcoal-ownersknownexttonothingaboutcoal-mining。Butwearepastthatpoint。Coal-ownersknownexttonothingaboutcoal-owning。Theydonotdevelopanddefendthenatureoftheirownmonopolywithanyconsistentandcourageouspolicy，howeverwicked，asdidtheoldaristocratswiththemonopolyofland。Theyhavenotthevirtuesnoreventhevicesoftyrants；theyhaveonlytheirpowers。Itisthesamewithallthepowerfulofto-day；itisthesame，forinstance，withthehigh-placedandhigh-paidofficial。Notonlyisthejudgenotjudicial，butthearbiterisnotevenarbitrary。
Thearbiterdecides，notbysomegustofjusticeorinjusticeinhissoulliketheolddespotdoomingmenunderatree，butbythepermanentclimateoftheclasstowhichhehappenstobelong。Theancientwigofthejudgeisoftenindistinguishablefromtheoldwigoftheflunkey。
Tojudgeaboutsuccessorfailureonemustseethingsverysimply；onemustseetheminmasses，astheartist，halfclosinghiseyesagainstdetails，seeslightandshade。Thatistheonlywayinwhichajustjudgmentcanbeformedastowhetheranydepartureordevelopment，suchasIslamortheAmericanRepublic，hasbeenabenefituponthewhole。
Seenclose，suchgreaterectionsalwaysaboundiningeniousdetailandimpressivesolidity；itisonlybyseeingthemafaroffthatonecantelliftheTowerleans。
Nowifwethustakeinthewholetiltorpostureofourmodernstate，weshallsimplyseethisfact:thatthoseclasseswhohaveonthewholegoverned，haveonthewholefailed。Ifyougotoafactoryyouwillseesomeverywonderfulwheelsgoinground；youwillbetoldthattheemployeroftencomesthereearlyinthemorning；thathehasgreatorganisingpower；thatifheworksoverthecolossalaccumulationofwealthhealsoworksoveritswisedistribution。Allthismaybetrueofmanyemployers，anditispracticallysaidofall。
Butifweshadeoureyesfromallthisdazzleofdetail；ifwesimplyaskwhathasbeenthemainfeature，theupshot，thefinalfruitofthecapitalistsystem，thereisnodoubtabouttheanswer。Thespecialandsolidresultofthereignoftheemployershasbeen——unemployment。
Unemploymentnotonlyincreasing，butbecomingatlasttheverypivotuponwhichthewholeprocessturns。
Or，again，ifyouvisitthevillagesthatdependononeofthegreatsquires，youwillhearpraises，oftenjust，ofthelandlord\'sgoodsenseorgoodnature；youwillhearofwholesystemsofpensionsorofcareforthesick，likethoseofasmallandseparatenation；youwillseemuchcleanliness，order，andbusinesshabitsintheofficesandaccountsoftheestate。Butifyouaskagainwhathasbeentheupshot，whathasbeentheactualresultofthereignoflandlords，againtheanswerisplain。
Attheendofthereignoflandlordsmenwillnotliveontheland。Thepracticaleffectofhavinglandlordsisnothavingtenants。Thepracticaleffectofhavingemployersisthatmenarenotemployed。Theunrestofthepopulaceisthereforemorethanamurmuragainsttyranny；
itisagainstasortoftreason。Itisthesuspicionthatevenatthetopofthetree，evenintheseatsofthemighty，ourverysuccessisunsuccessful。
THEOTHERKINDOFMAN
TherearesomewhoareconciliatedbyConciliationBoards。Therearesomewho，whentheyhearofRoyalCommissions，breatheagain——orsnoreagain。TherearethosewholookforwardtoCompulsoryArbitrationCourtsastotheislandsoftheblest。Thesemendonotunderstandthedaythattheylookuponorthesightsthattheireyeshaveseen。
Thealmostsacramentalideaofrepresentation，bywhichthefewmayincarnatethemany，aroseintheMiddleAges，andhasdonegreatthingsforjusticeandliberty。Ithashaditsrealhoursoftriumph，aswhentheStatesGeneralmettorenewFrance\'syouthliketheeagle\'s；orwhenallthevirtuesoftheRepublicfoughtandruledinthefigureofWashington。Itisnothavingoneofitshoursoftriumphnow。Therealdemocraticunrestatthismomentisnotanextensionoftherepresentativeprocess，butratherarevoltagainstit。Itisnogoodgivingthosenowinrevoltmoreboardsandcommitteesandcompulsoryregulations。Itisagainsttheseverythingsthattheyarerevolting。
Menarenotonlyrisingagainsttheiroppressors，butagainsttheirrepresentativesor，astheywouldsay，theirmisrepresentatives。TheinnerandactualspiritofworkadayEnglandiscomingoutnotinapplause，butinanger，asagodwhoshouldcomeoutofhistabernacletorebukeandconfoundhispriests。
Thereisacertainkindofmanwhomweseemanytimesinaday，butwhomwedonot，ingeneral，botherverymuchabout。Heisthekindofmanofwhomhiswifesaysthatabetterhusbandwhenhe\'ssoberyoucouldn\'thave。Shesometimesaddsthatheneverissober；butthisisinangerandexaggeration。Reallyhedrinksmuchlessandworksmuchmorethanthemodernlegendsupposes。Butitisquitetruethathehasnotthehorrorofbodilyoutbreak，naturaltotheclassesthatcontainladies；
anditisquitetruethatheneverhasthatalertandinventivesortofindustrynaturaltotheclassesfromwhichmencanclimbintogreatwealth。Hehasgrown，partlybynecessity，butpartlyalsobytemper，accustomedtohavedirtyclothesanddirtyhandsnormallyandwithoutdiscomfort。Heregardscleanlinessasakindofseparateandspecialcostume；tobeputonforgreatfestivals。Hehasseveralreallycuriouscharacteristics，whichwouldattracttheeyesofsociologists，iftheyhadanyeyes。Forinstance，hisvocabularyiscoarseandabusive，inmarkedcontrasttohisactualspirit，whichisgenerallypatientandcivil。Hehasanoddwayofusingcertainwordsofreallyhorriblemeaning，butusingthemquiteinnocentlyandwithoutthemostdistanttaintoftheevilstowhichtheyallude。Heisrathersentimental；and，likemostsentimentalpeople，notdevoidofsnobbishness。Atthesametime，hebelievestheordinarymanlycommonplacesoffreedomandfraternityashebelievesmostofthedecenttraditionsofChristianmen:
hefindsitverydifficulttoactaccordingtothem，butthisdifficultyisnotconfinedtohim。Hehasastrongandindividualsenseofhumour，andnotmuchpowerofcorporateormilitantaction。HeisnotaSocialist。Finally，hebearsnomoreresemblancetoaLabourMemberthanhedoestoaCityAldermanoraDie-HardDuke。ThisistheCommonLabourerofEngland；anditishewhoisonthemarchatlast。
Seethismaninyourmindasyouseehiminthestreet，realisethatitishisopenmindwewishtoinfluenceorhisemptystomachwewishtocure，andthenconsiderseriously(ifyoucan)thefivemen，includingtwoofhisownallegedoppressors，whoweresummonedasaRoyalCommissiontoconsiderhisclaimswhenheorhissortwentoutonstrikeupontherailways。Iknewnothingagainst，indeedIknewnothingabout，anyofthegentlementhensummoned，beyondabareintroductiontoMr。
Henderson，whomIliked，butwhoseidentityIwasinnodangerofconfusingwiththatofarailway-porter。Idonotthinkthatanyoldgentleman，howeverabsent-minded，wouldbelikelyonarrivingatEuston，letussay，tohandhisGladstone-bagtoMr。Hendersonortoattempttorewardthatpoliticianwithtwopence。OftheothersIcanonlyjudgebythefactsabouttheirstatusassetforthinthepublicPress。TheChairman，SirDavidHarrell，appearedtobeanex-officialdistinguishedin(ofallthingsintheworld)theIrishConstabulary。IhavenoearthlyreasontodoubtthattheChairmanmeanttobefair；butIamnottalkingaboutwhatmenmeantobe，butaboutwhattheyare。ThepoliceinIrelandarepracticallyanarmyofoccupation；amanservinginthemordirectingthemispracticallyasoldier；and，ofcourse，hemustdohisdutyassuch。ButitseemstrulyextraordinarytoselectasonelikelytosympathisewiththedemocracyofEnglandamanwhosewholebusinessinlifeithasbeentogovernagainstitswillthedemocracyofIreland。WhatshouldwesayifRussianstrikerswereofferedthesympatheticarbitrationoftheheadoftheRussianPoliceinFinlandorPoland？AndifwedonotknowthatthewholecivilisedworldseesIrelandwithPolandasatypicaloppressednation，itistimewedid。
TheChairman，whateverhispersonalvirtues，mustbebyinstinctandhabitakintothecapitalistsinthedispute。TwomoreoftheCommissionersactuallywerethecapitalistsinthedispute。ThencameMr。
Henderson(pushinghistrolleyandcheerilycrying，\"Byyourleave。”)，andthenanotherlessknowngentlemanwhohad\"corresponded\"withtheBoardofTrade，andhadthusgainedsomestrangeclaimtorepresenttheverypoor。
Nowpeoplelikethismightquitepossiblyproducearationalenoughreport，andinthisorthatrespectevenimprovethings。Menofthatkindaretolerablykind，tolerablypatriotic，andtolerablybusiness-like。
Butifanyonesupposesthatmenofthatkindcanconceivablyquietanyreal\'quarrelwiththeManoftheOtherKind，themanwhomIfirstdescribed，itisfrantic。Thecommonworkerisangryexactlybecausehehasfoundoutthatalltheseboardsconsistofthesamewell-dressedKindofMan，whethertheyarecalledGovernmentalorCapitalist。Ifanyonehopesthathewillreconcilethepoor，Isay，asIsaidatthebeginning，thatsuchaonehasnotlookedonthelightofdayordweltinthelandoftheliving。
ButIdonotcriticisesuchaCommissionexceptforonemostpracticalandurgentpurpose。ItwillbeansweredtomethatthefirstKindofManofwhomIspokecouldnotreallybeonboardsandcommittees，asmodernEnglandismanaged。Hisdirt，thoughnecessaryandhonourable，wouldbeoffensive:hisspeech，thoughrichandfigurative，wouldbealmostincomprehensible。Letusgrant，forthemoment，thatthisisso。ThisKindofMan，withhissootyhairorsanguinaryadjectives，cannotberepresentedatourcommitteesofarbitration。Therefore，theotherKindofMan，fairlyprosperous，fairlyplausible，athomeatleastwiththemiddleclass，capableatleastofreachingandtouchingtheupperclass，hemustremaintheonlyKindofManforsuchcouncils。
Verywell。Ifthen，yougiveatanyfuturetimeanykindofcompulsorypowerstosuchcouncilstopreventstrikes，youwillbedrivingthefirstKindofMantoworkforaparticularmasterasmuchasifyoudrovehimwithawhip。
THEMEDIAEVALVILLAIN
IseethattherehavebeenmoreattemptsatthewhitewashingofKingJohn。
Butthegentlemanwhowrotehasafurtherinterestinthematter；forhebelievesthatKingJohnwasinnocent，notonlyonthispoint，butasawhole。HethinksKingJohnhasbeenverybadlytreated；thoughIamnotsurewhetherhewouldattributetothatPlantagenetasaintlymeritormerelyahumdrumrespectability。
IsympathisewiththewhitewashingofKingJohn，merelybecauseitisaprotestagainstourwaxworkstyleofhistory。Everybodyisinaparticularattitude，withparticularmoralattributes；RufusisalwayshuntingandCoeur-de-Lionalwayscrusading；HenryVIIIalwaysmarrying，andCharlesIalwayshavinghisheadcutoff；Alfredrapidlyandinrotationmakinghispeople\'sclocksandspoilingtheircakes；andKingJohnpullingoutJews\'teethwiththecelerityandindustryofanAmericandentist。Anythingisgoodthatshakesallthisstiffsimplification，andmakesusrememberthatthesemenwereoncealive；
thatis，mixed，free，flippant，andinconsistent。ItgivesthemindahealthykicktoknowthatAlfredhadfits，thatCharlesIpreventedenclosures，thatRufuswasreallyinterestedinarchitecture，thatHenryVIIIwasreallyinterestedintheology。
Andasthesescrapsofrealitycanstartleusintomoresolidimaginationofevents，socanevenerrorsandexaggerationsiftheyareontherightside。ItdoessomegoodtocallAlfredaprig，CharlesIaPuritan，andJohnajollygoodfellow；ifthismakesusfeelthattheywerepeoplewhomwemighthavelikedordisliked。IdonotmyselfthinkthatJohnwasanicegentleman；butforallthatthepopularpictureofhimisallwrong。Whetherhehadanygenerousqualitiesornot，hehadwhatcommonlymakesthempossible，dare-devilcourage，forinstance，andhot-
headeddecision。But，aboveall，hehadamoralitywhichhebroke，butwhichwemisunderstand。
ThemediaevalmindturnedcentrallyuponthepivotofFreeWill。IntheirsocialsystemthemediaevalsweretoomuchPARTI-PER-PALE，astheirheraldswouldsay，toorigidlycutupbyfencesandquarteringsofguildordegree。Butintheirmoralphilosophytheyalwaysthoughtofmanasstandingfreeanddoubtfulatthecross-roadsinaforest。Whiletheycladandboundthebodyand(tosomeextent)themindtoostifflyandquaintlyforourtaste，theyhadamuchstrongersensethanwehaveofthefreedomofthesoul。Forthemthesoulalwayshungpoisedlikeaneagleintheheavensofliberty。Manyofthethingsthatstrikeamodernasmostfantasticcamefromtheirkeensenseofthepowerofchoice。
Forinstance，thegreatestoftheSchoolmendevotesfoliostotheminutedescriptionofwhattheworldwouldhavebeenlikeifAdamhadrefusedtheapple；whatkings，laws，babies，animals，planetswouldhavebeeninanunfallenworld。SointenselydoeshefeelthatAdammighthavedecidedtheotherwaythatheseesacompleteandcomplexvisionofanotherworld，aworldthatnowcanneverbe。
Thissenseofthestreamoflifeinamanthatmayturneitherwaycanbefeltthroughalltheirpopularethicsinlegend，chronicle，andballad。
Itisafeelingwhichhasbeenweakenedamongusbytwoheavyintellectualforces。TheCalvinismoftheseventeenthcenturyandthephysicalscienceofthenineteenth，whateverothertruthstheymayhavetaught，havedarkenedthislibertywithasenseofdoom。Wethinkofbadmenassomethinglikeblackmen，aseparateandincurablekindofpeople。
TheByronicspiritwasreallyasortofoperaticCalvinism。Itbroughtthevillainuponthestage；thelostsoul；themodernversionofKingJohn。ButthecontemporariesofKingJohndidnotfeellikethatabouthim，evenwhentheydetestedhim。Theyinstinctivelyfelthimtobeamanofmixedpassionslikethemselves，whowasallowinghisevilpassionstohavemuchtoogoodatimeofit。Theymighthavespokenofhimasamaninconsiderabledangerofgoingtohell；buttheywouldhavenottalkedofhimasifhehadcomefromthere。IntheballadsofPercyorRobinHooditfrequentlyhappensthattheKingcomesuponthescene，andhisultimatedecisionmakestheclimaxofthetale。Butwedonotfeel，aswedointheByronicormodernromance，thatthereisadefinitestagedirection\"EnterTyrant。”Nordowebeholdadeusexmachinawhoiscertaintodoallthatismildandjust。TheKingintheballadisinastateofvirileindecision。Sometimeshewillpassfromatoweringpassiontothemostsweepingmagnanimityandfriendliness；sometimeshewillbeginanactofvengeanceandbeturnedfromitbyajest。Yetthisaugustlevityisnotmoralindifference；itismoralfreedom。ItisthestrongsenseinthewriterthattheKing，beingthetypeofmanwithpower，willprobablysometimesuseitbadlyandsometimeswell。InthissenseJohniscertainlymisrepresented，forheispicturedassomethingthatnoneofhisownfriendsorenemiessaw。Inthatsensehewascertainlynotsoblackasheispainted，forhelivedinaworldwhereeveryonewaspiebald。
KingJohnwouldberepresentedinamodernplayornovelasakindofdegenerate；ashiftyeyedmoralmaniacwithatwistinhissoul\'sbackboneandgreenbloodinhisveins。Themediaevalswerequitecapableofboilinghiminmeltedlead，buttheywouldhavebeenquiteincapableofdespairingofhissoulinthemodernfashion。AstrikingafortioricaseisthatofthestrangemediaevallegendofRoberttheDevil。RobertwasrepresentedasamonstrousbirthsenttoanembitteredwomanactuallyinanswertoprayerstoSatan，andhisearlieractionsaresimplythoseoftheinfernalfireletlooseuponearth。Yetthoughhecanbecalledalmostliterallyachildofhell，yettheclimaxofthestoryishisrepentanceatRomeandhisgreatreparation。Thatistheparadoxofmediaevalmorals:asitmustappeartothemoderns。WemusttrytoconceivearaceofmenwhohatedJohn，andsoughthisblood，andbelievedeveryabominationabouthim，whowouldhavebeenquitecapableofassassinatingortorturinghimintheextremityoftheiranger。Andyetwemustadmitthattheywouldnotreallyhavebeenfundamentallysurprisedifhehadshavedhisheadinhumiliation，givenallhisgoodstothepoor，embracedthelepersinalazar-house，andbeencanonisedasasaintinheaven。SostronglydidtheyholdthatthepivotofWillshouldturnfreely，whichnowisrusted，andsticks。
Forwe，whateverourpoliticalopinions，certainlyneverthinkofourpublicmenlikethat。IfweholdtheopinionthatMr。LloydGeorgeisanobletribuneofthepopulaceandprotectorofthepoor，wedonotadmitthathecaneverhavepalteredwiththetruthorbargainedwiththepowerful。IfweholdtheequallyidioticopinionthatheisaredandrabidSocialist，maddeningmobsintomutinyandtheft，thenweexpecthimtogoonmaddeningthem——andus。Wedonotexpecthim，letussay，suddenlytogointoamonastery。Wehavelosttheideaofrepentance；
especiallyinpublicthings；thatiswhywecannotreallygetridofourgreatnationalabusesofeconomictyrannyandaristocraticavarice。
Progressinthemodernsenseisaverydismaldrudge；andmostlyconsistsofbeingmovedonbythepolice。Wemoveonbecausewearenotallowedtomoveback。Butthereallyraggedprophets，therealrevolutionistswhoheldhighlanguageinthepalacesofkings，theydidnotconfinethemselvestosaying，\"Onward，Christiansoldiers，\"stillless，\"Onward，Futuristsoldiers\"；whattheysaidtohighemperorsandtowholeempireswas，\"Turnye，turnye，whywillyedie？\"
THEDIVINEDETECTIVE
Everypersonofsoundeducationenjoysdetectivestories，andthereareevenseveralpointsonwhichtheyhaveaheartysuperioritytomostmodernbooks。Adetectivestorygenerallydescribessixlivingmendiscussinghowitisthatamanisdead。Amodernphilosophicstorygenerallydescribessixdeadmendiscussinghowanymancanpossiblybealive。Butthosewhohaveenjoyedtheromanpoliciermusthavenotedonething，thatwhenthemurdereriscaughtheishardlyeverhanged。\"That，\"saysSherlockHolmes，\"istheadvantageofbeingaprivatedetective\"；
afterhehascaughthecansetfree。TheChristianChurchcanbestbedefinedasanenormousprivatedetective，correctingthatofficialdetective——theState。This，indeed，isoneoftheinjusticesdonetohistoricChristianity；injusticeswhicharisefromlookingatcomplexexceptionsandnotatthelargeandsimplefact。Weareconstantlybeingtoldthattheologiansusedracksandthumbscrews，andsotheydid。
Theologiansusedracksandthumbscrewsjustastheyusedthimblesandthree-leggedstools，becauseeverybodyelseusedthem。ChristianitynomorecreatedthemediaevaltorturesthanitdidtheChinesetortures；itinheritedthemfromanyempireasheathenastheChinese。
TheChurchdid，inanevilhour，consenttoimitatethecommonwealthandemploycruelty。Butifweopenoureyesandtakeinthewholepicture，ifwelookatthegeneralshapeandcolourofthething，therealdifferencebetweentheChurchandtheStateishugeandplain。TheState，inalllandsandages，hascreatedamachineryofpunishment，morebloodyandbrutalinsomeplacesthanothers，butbloodyandbrutaleverywhere。TheChurchistheonlyinstitutionthateverattemptedtocreateamachineryofpardon。TheChurchistheonlythingthateverattemptedbysystemtopursueanddiscovercrimes，notinordertoavenge，butinordertoforgivethem。Thestakeandrackweremerelytheweaknessesofthereligion；itssnobberies，itssurrenderstotheworld。
Itsspeciality——or，ifyoulike，itsoddity——wasthismercilessmercy；
theunrelentingsleuthhoundwhoseekstosaveandnotslay。
IcanbestillustratewhatImeanbyreferringtotwopopularplaysonsomewhatparalleltopics，whichhavebeensuccessfulhereandinAmerica。
ThePassingoftheThirdFloorBackisahumaneandreverentexperiment，dealingwiththeinfluenceofoneunknownbutdivinefigureashepassesthroughagroupofSqualidcharacters。Ihavenodesiretomakecheapfunoftheextremelyabruptconversionsofallthesepeople；thatisapointofart，notofmorals；and，afterall，manyconversionshavebeenabrupt。Thissaviour\'smethodofmakingpeoplegoodistotellthemhowgoodtheyarealready；andinthecaseofsuicidaloutcasts，whosemoralbacksarebroken，andwhoaresoakedwithsincereself-contempt，Icanimaginethatthismightbequitetherightway。IshouldnotdeliverthismessagetoauthorsormembersofParliament，becausetheywouldsoheartilyagreewithit。
Still，itisnotaltogetherherethatIdifferfromthemoralofMr。
Jerome\'splay。Idiffervitallyfromhisstorybecauseitisnotadetectivestory。ThereisinitnoneofthisgreatChristianideaoftearingtheireviloutofmen；itlackstherealismofthesaints。
Redemptionshouldbringtruthaswellaspeace；andtruthisafinething，thoughthematerialistsdidgomadaboutit。Thingsmustbefaced，eveninordertobeforgiven；thegreatobjectionto\"lettingsleepingdogslie\"isthattheylieinmoresensesthanone。ButinMr。Jerome\'sPassingoftheThirdFloorBacktheredeemerisnotadivinedetective，pitilessinhisresolvetoknowandpardon。Ratherheisasortofdivinedupe，whodoesnotpardonatall，becausehedoesnotseeanythingthatisgoingon。Itmay，ormaynot，betruetosay，\"Toutcomprendreesttoutpardonner。”Butitismuchmoreevidentlytruetosay，\"RiencomprendreestrienPardonner，\"andthe\"ThirdFloorBack\"doesnotseemtocomprehendanything。Hemight，afterall，beaquiteselfishsentimentalist，whofounditcomfortingtothinkwellofhisneighbours。
Thereisnothingveryheroicinlovingafteryouhavebeendeceived。Theheroicbusinessistoloveafteryouhavebeenundeceived。
WhenIsawthisplayitwasnaturaltocompareitwithanotherplaywhichIhadnotseen，butwhichIhavereadinitsprintedversion。ImeanMr。
RannKennedy\'sServantintheHouse，thesuccessofwhichsprawlsoversomanyoftheAmericannewspapers。Thisalsoisconcernedwithadim，yetevidentlydivine，figurechangingthedestiniesofawholegroupofpersons。Itisabetterplaystructurallythantheother；infact，itisaveryfineplayindeed；butthereisnothingaestheticorfastidiousaboutit。Itisasmuchormorethantheothersensational，democratic，and(Iusethewordinasoundandgoodsense)Salvationist。
Butthedifferenceliespreciselyinthis——thattheChristofMr。
Kennedy\'splayinsistsonreallyknowingallthesoulsthatheloves；hedeclinestoconquerbyakindofsupernaturalstupidity。Hepardonsevil，buthewillnotignoreit。Inotherwords，beisaChristian，andnotaChristianScientist。Thedistinctiondoubtlessispartlyexplainedbytheproblemsseverallyselected。Mr。JeromepracticallysupposesChristtobetryingtosavedisreputablepeople；andthat，ofcourse，isnaturallyasimplebusiness。Mr。KennedysupposesHimtobetryingtosavethereputablepeople，whichisamuchlargeraffair。ThechiefcharactersinTheServantintheHouseareapopularandstrenuousvicar，universallyrespected，andhisfashionableandforciblewife。Itwouldhavebeennogoodtotellthesepeopletheyhadsomegoodinthem——forthatwaswhattheyweretellingthemselvesalldaylong。Theyhadtoberemindedthattheyhadsomebadinthem——instinctiveidolatriesandsilenttreasonswhichtheyalwaystriedtoforget。Itisinconnectionwiththesecrimesofwealthandculturethatwefacetherealproblemofpositiveevil。ThewholeofMr。Blatchford\'scontroversyaboutsinwasvitiatedthroughoutbyone\'sconsciousnessthatwheneverhewrotetheword\"sinner\"hethoughtofamaninrags。Buthere，again，wecanfindtruthmerelybyreferringtovulgarliterature——itsunfailingfountain。
Whoeverreadadetectivestoryaboutpoorpeople？Thepoorhavecrimes；
butthepoorhavenosecrets。Anditisbecausetheproudhavesecretsthattheyneedtobedetectedbeforetheyareforgiven。
THEELFOFJAPAN
TherearethingsinthisworldofwhichIcansayseriouslythatIlovethembutIdonotlikethem。Thepointisnotmerelyverbal，butpsychologicallyquitevalid。Catsarethefirstthingsthatoccurtomeasexamplesoftheprinciple。Catsaresobeautifulthatacreaturefromanotherstarmightfallinlovewiththem，andsoincalculablethathemightkillthem。Someofmyfriendstakequiteahighmorallineaboutcats。Some，likeMr。Titterton，Ithink，admireacatforitsmoralindependenceandreadinesstoscratchanybody\"ifhedoesnotbehavehimself。”Others，likeMr。Belloe，regardthecatascruelandsecret，afitfriendforwitches；onewhowilldevoureverything，except，indeed，poisonedfood，\"soutterlylackingisitinChristiansimplicityandhumility。”Formypart，Ihaveneitherofthesefeelings。IadmirecatsasIadmirecatkins；thoselittlefluffythingsthathangontrees。Theyarebothprettyandbothfurry，andbothdeclarethegloryofGod。AndthisabstractexultationinalllivingthingsistrulytobecalledLove；
foritisahigherfeelingthanmereaffectionalconvenience；itisavision。Itisheroic，andevensaintly，inthis:thatitasksfornothinginreturn。IlovealltheeatsinthestreetasSt。FrancisofAssisilovedallthebirdsinthewoodorallthefishesinthesea；notsomuch，ofcourse，butthenIamnotasaint。Buthedidnotwishtobridleabirdandrideonitsback，asonebridlesandridesonahorse。
Hedidnotwishtoputacollarroundafish\'sneck，markedwiththename\"Francis，\"andtheaddress\"Assisi\"——asonedoeswithadog。Hedidnotwishthemtobelongtohimorhimselftobelongtothem；infact，itwouldbeaveryawkwardexperiencetobelongtoalotoffishes。Butamandoesbelongtohisdog，inanotherbutanequallyrealsensewiththatinwhichthedogbelongstohim。Thetwobondsofobedienceandresponsibilityvaryverymuchwiththedogsandthemen；buttheyarebothbonds。Inotherwords，amandoesnotmerelyloveadog；ashemight(inamysticalmoment)loveanysparrowthatperchedonhiswindow-
silloranyrabbitthatranacrosshispath。Amanlikesadog；andthatisaseriousmatter。
