第5章

HERMOGENES：Why，Socrates？ SOCRATES：Mygoodfriend，Ihavediscoveredahiveofwisdom。 HERMOGENES：Ofwhatnature？ SOCRATES：Well，ratherridiculous，andyetplausible。 HERMOGENES：Howplausible？ SOCRATES：IfancytomyselfHeracleitusrepeatingwisetraditionsofantiquityasoldasthedaysofCronosandRhea，andofwhichHomeralsospoke。 HERMOGENES：Howdoyoumean？ SOCRATES：Heracleitusissupposedtosaythatallthingsareinmotionandnothingatrest；hecomparesthemtothestreamofariver，andsaysthatyoucannotgointothesamewatertwice。 HERMOGENES：Thatistrue。 SOCRATES：Well，then，howcanweavoidinferringthathewhogavethenamesofCronosandRheatotheancestorsoftheGods，agreedprettymuchinthedoctrineofHeracleitus？Isthegivingofthenamesofstreamstobothofthempurelyaccidental？ComparethelineinwhichHomer，and，asI believe，Hesiodalso，tellsof’Ocean，theoriginofGods，andmotherTethys（Il。——thelineisnotfoundintheextantworksofHesiod。）。’ Andagain，Orpheussays，that’ThefairriverofOceanwasthefirsttomarry，andheespousedhissisterTethys，whowashismother’sdaughter。’ Youseethatthisisaremarkablecoincidence，andallinthedirectionofHeracleitus。 HERMOGENES：Ithinkthatthereissomethinginwhatyousay，Socrates；butIdonotunderstandthemeaningofthenameTethys。 SOCRATES：Well，thatisalmostself-explained，beingonlythenameofaspring，alittledisguised；forthatwhichisstrainedandfiltered（diattomenon，ethoumenon）maybelikenedtoaspring，andthenameTethysismadeupofthesetwowords。 HERMOGENES：Theideaisingenious，Socrates。 SOCRATES：Tobesure。Butwhatcomesnext？——ofZeuswehavespoken。 HERMOGENES：Yes。 SOCRATES：Thenletusnexttakehistwobrothers，PoseidonandPluto，whetherthelatteriscalledbythatorbyhisothername。 HERMOGENES：Byallmeans。 SOCRATES：PoseidonisPosidesmos，thechainofthefeet；theoriginalinventorofthenamehadbeenstoppedbythewateryelementinhiswalks，andnotallowedtogoon，andthereforehecalledtherulerofthiselementPoseidon；theepsilonwasprobablyinsertedasanornament。Yet，perhaps，notso；butthenamemayhavebeenoriginallywrittenwithadoublelamdaandnotwithasigma，meaningthattheGodknewmanythings（Pollaeidos）。 Andperhapsalsohebeingtheshakeroftheearth，hasbeennamedfromshaking（seiein），andthenpianddeltahavebeenadded。Plutogiveswealth（Ploutos），andhisnamemeansthegiverofwealth，whichcomesoutoftheearthbeneath。PeopleingeneralappeartoimaginethatthetermHadesisconnectedwiththeinvisible（aeides）andsotheyareledbytheirfearstocalltheGodPlutoinstead。 HERMOGENES：Andwhatisthetruederivation？ SOCRATES：Inspiteofthemistakeswhicharemadeaboutthepowerofthisdeity，andthefoolishfearswhichpeoplehaveofhim，suchasthefearofalwaysbeingwithhimafterdeath，andofthesouldenudedofthebodygoingtohim（compareRep。），mybeliefisthatallisquiteconsistent，andthattheofficeandnameoftheGodreallycorrespond。 HERMOGENES：Why，howisthat？ SOCRATES：Iwilltellyoumyownopinion；butfirst，Ishouldliketoaskyouwhichchaindoesanyanimalfeeltobethestronger？andwhichconfineshimmoretothesamespot，——desireornecessity？ HERMOGENES：Desire，Socrates，isstrongerfar。 SOCRATES：AnddoyounotthinkthatmanyaonewouldescapefromHades，ifhedidnotbindthosewhodeparttohimbythestrongestofchains？ HERMOGENES：Assuredlytheywould。 SOCRATES：Andifbythegreatestofchains，thenbysomedesire，asI shouldcertainlyinfer，andnotbynecessity？ HERMOGENES：Thatisclear。 SOCRATES：Andtherearemanydesires？ HERMOGENES：Yes。 SOCRATES：Andthereforebythegreatestdesire，ifthechainistobethegreatest？ HERMOGENES：Yes。 SOCRATES：Andisanydesirestrongerthanthethoughtthatyouwillbemadebetterbyassociatingwithanother？ HERMOGENES：Certainlynot。 SOCRATES：Andisnotthatthereason，Hermogenes，whynoone，whohasbeentohim，iswillingtocomebacktous？EventheSirens，likealltherestoftheworld，havebeenlaidunderhisspells。Suchacharm，asIimagine，istheGodabletoinfuseintohiswords。And，accordingtothisview，heistheperfectandaccomplishedSophist，andthegreatbenefactoroftheinhabitantsoftheotherworld；andeventouswhoareuponearthhesendsfrombelowexceedingblessings。Forhehasmuchmorethanhewantsdownthere；whereforeheiscalledPluto（ortherich）。Notealso，thathewillhavenothingtodowithmenwhiletheyareinthebody，butonlywhenthesoulisliberatedfromthedesiresandevilsofthebody。Nowthereisagreatdealofphilosophyandreflectioninthat；forintheirliberatedstatehecanbindthemwiththedesireofvirtue，butwhiletheyareflusteredandmaddenedbythebody，notevenfatherCronoshimselfwouldsufficetokeepthemwithhiminhisownfar-famedchains。 HERMOGENES：Thereisadealoftruthinwhatyousay。 SOCRATES：Yes，Hermogenes，andthelegislatorcalledhimHades，notfromtheunseen（aeides）——farotherwise，butfromhisknowledge（eidenai）ofallnoblethings。 HERMOGENES：Verygood；andwhatdowesayofDemeter，andHere，andApollo，andAthene，andHephaestus，andAres，andtheotherdeities？ SOCRATES：Demeterisedidousameter，whogivesfoodlikeamother；Hereisthelovelyone（erate）——forZeus，accordingtotradition，lovedandmarriedher；possiblyalsothenamemayhavebeengivenwhenthelegislatorwasthinkingoftheheavens，andmaybeonlyadisguiseoftheair（aer），puttingtheendintheplaceofthebeginning。YouwillrecognizethetruthofthisifyourepeatthelettersofHereseveraltimesover。PeopledreadthenameofPherephattaastheydreadthenameofApollo，——andwithaslittlereason；thefear，ifIamnotmistaken，onlyarisesfromtheirignoranceofthenatureofnames。ButtheygochangingthenameintoPhersephone，andtheyareterrifiedatthis；whereasthenewnamemeansonlythattheGoddessiswise（sophe）；forseeingthatallthingsintheworldareinmotion（pheromenon），thatprinciplewhichembracesandtouchesandisabletofollowthem，iswisdom。AndthereforetheGoddessmaybetrulycalledPherepaphe（Pherepapha），orsomenamelikeit，becauseshetouchesthatwhichisinmotion（toupheromenonephaptomene），hereinshowingherwisdom。AndHades，whoiswise，consortswithher，becausesheiswise。TheyalterhernameintoPherephattanow-a-days，becausethepresentgenerationcareforeuphonymorethantruth。Thereistheothername，Apollo，which，asIwassaying，isgenerallysupposedtohavesometerriblesignification。Haveyouremarkedthisfact？ HERMOGENES：TobesureIhave，andwhatyousayistrue。 SOCRATES：Butthename，inmyopinion，isreallymostexpressiveofthepoweroftheGod。 HERMOGENES：Howso？ SOCRATES：Iwillendeavourtoexplain，forIdonotbelievethatanysinglenamecouldhavebeenbetteradaptedtoexpresstheattributesoftheGod，embracingandinamannersignifyingallfourofthem，——music，andprophecy，andmedicine，andarchery。 HERMOGENES：Thatmustbeastrangename，andIshouldliketoheartheexplanation。 SOCRATES：Sayratheranharmoniousname，asbeseemstheGodofHarmony。 Inthefirstplace，thepurgationsandpurificationswhichdoctorsanddivinersuse，andtheirfumigationswithdrugsmagicalormedicinal，aswellastheirwashingsandlustralsprinklings，havealloneandthesameobject，whichistomakeamanpurebothinbodyandsoul。 HERMOGENES：Verytrue。 SOCRATES：AndisnotApollothepurifier，andthewasher，andtheabsolverfromallimpurities？ HERMOGENES：Verytrue。 SOCRATES：Theninreferencetohisablutionsandabsolutions，asbeingthephysicianwhoordersthem，hemayberightlycalledApolouon（purifier）；orinrespectofhispowersofdivination，andhistruthandsincerity，whichisthesameastruth，hemaybemostfitlycalledAplos，fromaplous（sincere），asintheThessaliandialect，foralltheThessalianscallhimAplos；alsoheisaeiBallon（alwaysshooting），becauseheisamasterarcherwhonevermisses；oragain，thenamemayrefertohismusicalattributes，andthen，asinakolouthos，andakoitis，andinmanyotherwordsthealphaissupposedtomean’together，’sothemeaningofthenameApollowillbe’movingtogether，’whetherinthepolesofheavenastheyarecalled，orintheharmonyofsong，whichistermedconcord，becausehemovesalltogetherbyanharmoniouspower，asastronomersandmusiciansingeniouslydeclare。AndheistheGodwhopresidesoverharmony，andmakesallthingsmovetogether，bothamongGodsandamongmen。Andasinthewordsakolouthosandakoitisthealphaissubstitutedforanomicron，sothenameApollonisequivalenttoomopolon；onlythesecondlambdaisaddedinordertoavoidtheill-omenedsoundofdestruction（apolon）。Nowthesuspicionofthisdestructivepowerstillhauntsthemindsofsomewhodonotconsiderthetruevalueofthename，which，asIwassayingjustnow，hasreferencetoallthepowersoftheGod，whoisthesingleone，theeverdarting，thepurifier，themovertogether（aplous，aeiBallon，apolouon，omopolon）。ThenameoftheMusesandofmusicwouldseemtobederivedfromtheirmakingphilosophicalenquiries（mosthai）；andLetoiscalledbythisname，becausesheissuchagentleGoddess，andsowilling（ethelemon）tograntourrequests；orhernamemaybeLetho，assheisoftencalledbystrangers——theyseemtoimplybyitheramiability，andhersmoothandeasy-goingwayofbehaving。Artemisisnamedfromherhealthy（artemes），well-orderednature，andbecauseofherloveofvirginity，perhapsbecausesheisaproficientinvirtue（arete），andperhapsalsoashatingintercourseofthesexes（tonarotonmisesasa）。HewhogavetheGoddesshernamemayhavehadanyorallofthesereasons。 HERMOGENES：WhatisthemeaningofDionysusandAphrodite？ SOCRATES：SonofHipponicus，youaskasolemnquestion；thereisaseriousandalsoafacetiousexplanationofboththesenames；theseriousexplanationisnottobehadfromme，butthereisnoobjectiontoyourhearingthefacetiousone；fortheGodstooloveajoke。Dionusosissimplydidousoinon（giverofwine），Didoinusos，ashemightbecalledinfun，——andoinosisproperlyoionous，becausewinemakesthosewhodrink，think（oiesthai）thattheyhaveamind（noun）whentheyhavenone。ThederivationofAphrodite，bornofthefoam（aphros），maybefairlyacceptedontheauthorityofHesiod。 HERMOGENES：StillthereremainsAthene，whomyou，Socrates，asanAthenian，willsurelynotforget；therearealsoHephaestusandAres。 SOCRATES：Iamnotlikelytoforgetthem。 HERMOGENES：No，indeed。 SOCRATES：ThereisnodifficultyinexplainingtheotherappellationofAthene。 HERMOGENES：Whatotherappellation？ SOCRATES：WecallherPallas。 HERMOGENES：Tobesure。 SOCRATES：Andwecannotbewronginsupposingthatthisisderivedfromarmeddances。Fortheelevationofoneselforanythingelseabovetheearth，orbytheuseofthehands，wecallshaking（pallein），ordancing。 HERMOGENES：Thatisquitetrue。 SOCRATES：ThenthatistheexplanationofthenamePallas？ HERMOGENES：Yes；butwhatdoyousayoftheothername？ SOCRATES：Athene？ HERMOGENES：Yes。 SOCRATES：Thatisagravermatter，andthere，myfriend，themoderninterpretersofHomermay，Ithink，assistinexplainingtheviewoftheancients。Formostoftheseintheirexplanationsofthepoet，assertthathemeantbyAthene’mind’（nous）and’intelligence’（dianoia），andthemakerofnamesappearstohavehadasingularnotionabouther；andindeedcallsherbyastillhighertitle，’divineintelligence’（Thounoesis），asthoughhewouldsay：ThisisshewhohasthemindofGod（Theonoa）；——usingalphaasadialecticalvarietyforeta，andtakingawayiotaandsigma（ThereseemstobesomeerrorintheMSS。Themeaningisthatthewordtheonoa=theounoaisacurtailedformoftheounoesis，buttheomittedlettersdonotagree。）。Perhaps，however，thenameTheonoemaymean’shewhoknowsdivinethings’（Theianoousa）betterthanothers。NorshallwebefarwronginsupposingthattheauthorofitwishedtoidentifythisGoddesswithmoralintelligence（enetheinoesin），andthereforegaveherthenameethonoe；which，however，eitherheorhissuccessorshavealteredintowhattheythoughtanicerform，andcalledherAthene。 HERMOGENES：ButwhatdoyousayofHephaestus？ SOCRATES：Speakyouoftheprincelylordoflight（Phaeosistora）？ HERMOGENES：Surely。 SOCRATES：EphaistosisPhaistos，andhasaddedtheetabyattraction；thatisobvioustoanybody。 HERMOGENES：Thatisveryprobable，untilsomemoreprobablenotiongetsintoyourhead。 SOCRATES：Topreventthat，youhadbetteraskwhatisthederivationofAres。 HERMOGENES：WhatisAres？ SOCRATES：Aresmaybecalled，ifyouwill，fromhismanhood（arren）andmanliness，orifyouplease，fromhishardandunchangeablenature，whichisthemeaningofarratos：thelatterisaderivationineverywayappropriatetotheGodofwar。 HERMOGENES：Verytrue。 SOCRATES：Andnow，bytheGods，letushavenomoreoftheGods，forIamafraidofthem；askaboutanythingbutthem，andthoushaltseehowthesteedsofEuthyphrocanprance。 HERMOGENES：OnlyonemoreGod！IshouldliketoknowaboutHermes，ofwhomIamsaidnottobeatrueson。Letusmakehimout，andthenIshallknowwhetherthereisanymeaninginwhatCratylussays。 SOCRATES：IshouldimaginethatthenameHermeshastodowithspeech，andsignifiesthatheistheinterpreter（ermeneus），ormessenger，orthief，orliar，orbargainer；allthatsortofthinghasagreatdealtodowithlanguage；asIwastellingyou，thewordeireinisexpressiveoftheuseofspeech，andthereisanoften-recurringHomericwordemesato，whichmeans’hecontrived’——outofthesetwowords，eireinandmesasthai，thelegislatorformedthenameoftheGodwhoinventedlanguageandspeech；andwemayimaginehimdictatingtoustheuseofthisname：’Omyfriends，’ sayshetous，’seeingthatheisthecontriveroftalesorspeeches，youmayrightlycallhimEirhemes。’Andthishasbeenimprovedbyus，aswethink，intoHermes。Irisalsoappearstohavebeencalledfromtheverb’totell’（eirein），becauseshewasamessenger。 HERMOGENES：ThenIamverysurethatCratyluswasquiterightinsayingthatIwasnotruesonofHermes（Ermogenes），forIamnotagoodhandatspeeches。 SOCRATES：Thereisalsoreason，myfriend，inPanbeingthedouble-formedsonofHermes。 HERMOGENES：Howdoyoumakethatout？ SOCRATES：Youareawarethatspeechsignifiesallthings（pan），andisalwaysturningthemroundandround，andhastwoforms，trueandfalse？ HERMOGENES：Certainly。 SOCRATES：IsnotthetruththatisinhimthesmoothorsacredformwhichdwellsaboveamongtheGods，whereasfalsehooddwellsamongmenbelow，andisroughlikethegoatoftragedy；fortalesandfalsehoodshavegenerallytodowiththetragicorgoatishlife，andtragedyistheplaceofthem？ HERMOGENES：Verytrue。 SOCRATES：ThensurelyPan，whoisthedeclarerofallthings（pan）andtheperpetualmover（aeipolon）ofallthings，isrightlycalledaipolos（goat- herd），hebeingthetwo-formedsonofHermes，smoothinhisupperpart，androughandgoatlikeinhislowerregions。And，asthesonofHermes，heisspeechorthebrotherofspeech，andthatbrothershouldbelikebrotherisnomarvel。But，asIwassaying，mydearHermogenes，letusgetawayfromtheGods。 HERMOGENES：FromthesesortofGods，byallmeans，Socrates。ButwhyshouldwenotdiscussanotherkindofGods——thesun，moon，stars，earth，aether，air，fire，water，theseasons，andtheyear？ SOCRATES：Youimposeagreatmanytasksuponme。Still，ifyouwish，I willnotrefuse。 HERMOGENES：Youwillobligeme。 SOCRATES：Howwouldyouhavemebegin？ShallItakefirstofallhimwhomyoumentionedfirst——thesun？ HERMOGENES：Verygood。 SOCRATES：TheoriginofthesunwillprobablybeclearerintheDoricform，fortheDorianscallhimalios，andthisnameisgiventohimbecausewhenheriseshegathers（alizoi）mentogetherorbecauseheisalwaysrollinginhiscourse（aeieileinion）abouttheearth；orfromaiolein，ofwhichthemeaningisthesameaspoikillein（tovariegate），becausehevariegatestheproductionsoftheearth。 HERMOGENES：Butwhatisselene（themoon）？ SOCRATES：ThatnameisratherunfortunateforAnaxagoras。 HERMOGENES：Howso？ SOCRATES：Thewordseemstoforestallhisrecentdiscovery，thatthemoonreceivesherlightfromthesun。 HERMOGENES：Whydoyousayso？ SOCRATES：Thetwowordsselas（brightness）andphos（light）havemuchthesamemeaning？ HERMOGENES：Yes。 SOCRATES：Thislightaboutthemoonisalwaysnew（neon）andalwaysold（enon），ifthedisciplesofAnaxagorassaytruly。Forthesuninhisrevolutionalwaysaddsnewlight，andthereistheoldlightofthepreviousmonth。 HERMOGENES：Verytrue。 SOCRATES：Themoonisnotunfrequentlycalledselanaia。 HERMOGENES：True。 SOCRATES：Andasshehasalightwhichisalwaysoldandalwaysnew（enonneonaei）shemayveryproperlyhavethenameselaenoneoaeia；andthiswhenhammeredintoshapebecomesselanaia。 HERMOGENES：Arealdithyrambicsortofnamethat，Socrates。Butwhatdoyousayofthemonthandthestars？ SOCRATES：Meis（month）iscalledfrommeiousthai（tolessen），becausesufferingdiminution；thenameofastra（stars）seemstobederivedfromastrape，whichisanimprovementonanastrope，signifyingtheupsettingoftheeyes（anastrepheinopa）。 HERMOGENES：Whatdoyousayofpur（fire）andudor（water）？ SOCRATES：Iamatalosshowtoexplainpur；eitherthemuseofEuthyphrohasdesertedme，orthereissomeverygreatdifficultyintheword。 Please，however，tonotethecontrivancewhichIadoptwheneverIaminadifficultyofthissort。 HERMOGENES：Whatisit？ SOCRATES：Iwilltellyou；butIshouldliketoknowfirstwhetheryoucantellmewhatisthemeaningofthepur？ HERMOGENES：IndeedIcannot。 SOCRATES：ShallItellyouwhatIsuspecttobethetrueexplanationofthisandseveralotherwords？——Mybeliefisthattheyareofforeignorigin。FortheHellenes，especiallythosewhowereunderthedominionofthebarbarians，oftenborrowedfromthem。 HERMOGENES：Whatistheinference？ SOCRATES：Why，youknowthatanyonewhoseekstodemonstratethefitnessofthesenamesaccordingtotheHelleniclanguage，andnotaccordingtothelanguagefromwhichthewordsarederived，isratherlikelytobeatfault。 HERMOGENES：Yes，certainly。 SOCRATES：Wellthen，considerwhetherthispurisnotforeign；forthewordisnoteasilybroughtintorelationwiththeHellenictongue，andthePhrygiansmaybeobservedtohavethesamewordslightlychanged，justastheyhaveudor（water）andkunes（dogs），andmanyotherwords。 HERMOGENES：Thatistrue。 SOCRATES：Anyviolentinterpretationsofthewordsshouldbeavoided；forsomethingtosayaboutthemmayeasilybefound。AndthusIgetridofpurandudor。Aer（air），Hermogenes，maybeexplainedastheelementwhichraises（airei）thingsfromtheearth，oraseverflowing（aeirei），orbecausethefluxoftheairiswind，andthepoetscallthewinds’air- blasts，’（aetai）；hewhousesthetermmaymean，sotospeak，air-flux（aetorroun），inthesenseofwind-flux（pneumatorroun）；andbecausethismovingwindmaybeexpressedbyeithertermheemploysthewordair（aer= aetesrheo）。Aither（aether）Ishouldinterpretasaeitheer；thismaybecorrectlysaid，becausethiselementisalwaysrunninginafluxabouttheair（aeitheiperitouaerareon）。Themeaningofthewordge（earth） comesoutbetterwhenintheformofgaia，fortheearthmaybetrulycalled’mother’（gaia，genneteira），asinthelanguageofHomer（Od。） gegaasimeansgegennesthai。 HERMOGENES：Good。 SOCRATES：Whatshallwetakenext？ HERMOGENES：Thereareorai（theseasons），andthetwonamesoftheyear，eniautosandetos。 SOCRATES：TheoraishouldbespeltintheoldAtticway，ifyoudesiretoknowtheprobabletruthaboutthem；theyarerightlycalledtheoraibecausetheydivide（orizousin）thesummersandwintersandwindsandthefruitsoftheearth。Thewordseniautosandetosappeartobethesame，—— ’thatwhichbringstolighttheplantsandgrowthsoftheearthintheirturn，andpassestheminreviewwithinitself（eneautoexetazei）’：thisisbrokenupintotwowords，eniautosfromeneauto，andetosfrometazei，justastheoriginalnameofZeuswasdividedintoZenaandDia；andthewholepropositionmeansthathispowerofreviewingfromwithinisone，buthastwonames，twowordsetosandeniautosbeingthusformedoutofasingleproposition。 HERMOGENES：Indeed，Socrates，youmakesurprisingprogress。 SOCRATES：Iamrunawaywith。 HERMOGENES：Verytrue。 SOCRATES：Butamnotyetatmyutmostspeed。 HERMOGENES：Ishouldlikeverymuchtoknow，inthenextplace，howyouwouldexplainthevirtues。Whatprincipleofcorrectnessisthereinthosecharmingwords——wisdom，understanding，justice，andtherestofthem？ SOCRATES：Thatisatremendousclassofnameswhichyouaredisinterring； still，asIhaveputonthelion’sskin，Imustnotbefaintofheart；andIsupposethatImustconsiderthemeaningofwisdom（phronesis）andunderstanding（sunesis），andjudgment（gnome），andknowledge（episteme），andallthoseothercharmingwords，asyoucallthem？ HERMOGENES：Surely，wemustnotleaveoffuntilwefindouttheirmeaning。 SOCRATES：BythedogofEgyptIhaveanotbadnotionwhichcameintomyheadonlythismoment：Ibelievethattheprimevalgiversofnameswereundoubtedlyliketoomanyofourmodernphilosophers，who，intheirsearchafterthenatureofthings，arealwaysgettingdizzyfromconstantlygoingroundandround，andthentheyimaginethattheworldisgoingroundandroundandmovinginalldirections；andthisappearance，whicharisesoutoftheirowninternalcondition，theysupposetobearealityofnature； theythinkthatthereisnothingstableorpermanent，butonlyfluxandmotion，andthattheworldisalwaysfullofeverysortofmotionandchange。TheconsiderationofthenameswhichImentionedhasledmeintomakingthisreflection。 HERMOGENES：Howisthat，Socrates？ SOCRATES：Perhapsyoudidnotobservethatinthenameswhichhavebeenjustcited，themotionorfluxorgenerationofthingsismostsurelyindicated。 HERMOGENES：No，indeed，Ineverthoughtofit。 SOCRATES：Takethefirstofthosewhichyoumentioned；clearlythatisanameindicativeofmotion。 HERMOGENES：Whatwasthename？ SOCRATES：Phronesis（wisdom），whichmaysignifyphoraskairhounoesis（perceptionofmotionandflux），orperhapsphorasonesis（theblessingofmotion），butisatanyrateconnectedwithpheresthai（motion）；gnome（judgment），again，certainlyimpliestheponderationorconsideration（nomesis）ofgeneration，fortoponderisthesameastoconsider；or，ifyouwouldrather，hereisnoesis，theverywordjustnowmentioned，whichisneouesis（thedesireofthenew）；thewordneosimpliesthattheworldisalwaysinprocessofcreation。Thegiverofthenamewantedtoexpressthislongingofthesoul，fortheoriginalnamewasneoesis，andnotnoesis；butetatooktheplaceofadoubleepsilon。Thewordsophrosuneisthesalvation（soteria）ofthatwisdom（phronesis）whichwewerejustnowconsidering。Epioteme（knowledge）isakintothis，andindicatesthatthesoulwhichisgoodforanythingfollows（epetai）themotionofthings，neitheranticipatingthemnorfallingbehindthem；whereforethewordshouldratherbereadasepistemene，insertingepsilonnu。Sunesis（understanding）mayberegardedinlikemannerasakindofconclusion；thewordisderivedfromsunienai（togoalongwith），and，likeepistasthai（toknow），impliestheprogressionofthesoulincompanywiththenatureofthings。Sophia（wisdom）isverydark，andappearsnottobeofnativegrowth；themeaningis，touchingthemotionorstreamofthings。Youmustrememberthatthepoets，whentheyspeakofthecommencementofanyrapidmotion，oftenusethewordesuthe（herushed）；andtherewasafamousLacedaemonianwhowasnamedSous（Rush），forbythiswordtheLacedaemonianssignifyrapidmotion，andthetouching（epaphe）ofmotionisexpressedbysophia，forallthingsaresupposedtobeinmotion。Good（agathon）isthenamewhichisgiventotheadmirable（agasto）innature； for，althoughallthingsmove，stilltherearedegreesofmotion；someareswifter，someslower；buttherearesomethingswhichareadmirablefortheirswiftness，andthisadmirablepartofnatureiscalledagathon。 Dikaiosune（justice）isclearlydikaiousunesis（understandingofthejust）；buttheactualworddikaionismoredifficult：menareonlyagreedtoacertainextentaboutjustice，andthentheybegintodisagree。Forthosewhosupposeallthingstobeinmotionconceivethegreaterpartofnaturetobeamerereceptacle；andtheysaythatthereisapenetratingpowerwhichpassesthroughallthis，andistheinstrumentofcreationinall，andisthesubtlestandswiftestelement；forifitwerenotthesubtlest，andapowerwhichnonecankeepout，andalsotheswiftest，passingbyotherthingsasiftheywerestandingstill，itcouldnotpenetratethroughthemovinguniverse。Andthiselement，whichsuperintendsallthingsandpierces（diaion）all，isrightlycalleddikaion；theletterkisonlyaddedforthesakeofeuphony。Thusfar，asIwassaying，thereisageneralagreementaboutthenatureofjustice；butI，Hermogenes，beinganenthusiasticdisciple，havebeentoldinamysterythatthejusticeofwhichIamspeakingisalsothecauseoftheworld： nowacauseisthatbecauseofwhichanythingiscreated；andsomeonecomesandwhispersinmyearthatjusticeisrightlysocalledbecausepartakingofthenatureofthecause，andIbegin，afterhearingwhathehassaid，tointerrogatehimgently：’Well，myexcellentfriend，’sayI，’butifallthisbetrue，Istillwanttoknowwhatisjustice。’ThereupontheythinkthatIasktiresomequestions，andamleapingoverthebarriers，andhavebeenalreadysufficientlyanswered，andtheytrytosatisfymewithonederivationafteranother，andatlengththeyquarrel。Foroneofthemsaysthatjusticeisthesun，andthatheonlyisthepiercing（diaionta）andburning（kaonta）elementwhichistheguardianofnature。 AndwhenIjoyfullyrepeatthisbeautifulnotion，Iamansweredbythesatiricalremark，’What，istherenojusticeintheworldwhenthesunisdown？’AndwhenIearnestlybegmyquestionertotellmehisownhonestopinion，hesays，’Fireintheabstract’；butthisisnotveryintelligible。Anothersays，’No，notfireintheabstract，buttheabstractionofheatinthefire。’Anothermanprofessestolaughatallthis，andsays，asAnaxagorassays，thatjusticeismind，formind，astheysay，hasabsolutepower，andmixeswithnothing，andordersallthings，andpassesthroughallthings。Atlast，myfriend，IfindmyselfinfargreaterperplexityaboutthenatureofjusticethanIwasbeforeIbegantolearn。ButstillIamofopinionthatthename，whichhasledmeintothisdigression，wasgiventojusticeforthereasonswhichIhavementioned。 HERMOGENES：Ithink，Socrates，thatyouarenotimprovisingnow；youmusthaveheardthisfromsomeoneelse。 SOCRATES：Andnottherest？ HERMOGENES：Hardly。 SOCRATES：Well，then，letmegooninthehopeofmakingyoubelieveintheoriginalityoftherest。Whatremainsafterjustice？Idonotthinkthatwehaveasyetdiscussedcourage（andreia），——injustice（adikia），whichisobviouslynothingmorethanahindrancetothepenetratingprinciple（diaiontos），neednotbeconsidered。Well，then，thenameofandreiaseemstoimplyabattle；——thisbattleisintheworldofexistence，andaccordingtothedoctrineoffluxisonlythecounterflux（enantiarhon）：ifyouextractthedeltafromandreia，thenameatoncesignifiesthething，andyoumayclearlyunderstandthatandreiaisnotthestreamopposedtoeverystream，butonlytothatwhichiscontrarytojustice，forotherwisecouragewouldnothavebeenpraised。Thewordsarren（male）andaner（man） alsocontainasimilarallusiontothesameprincipleoftheupwardflux（teanorhon）。Gune（woman）Isuspecttobethesamewordasgoun（birth）： thelu（female）appearstobepartlyderivedfromthele（theteat），becausetheteatislikerain，andmakesthingsflourish（tethelenai）。 HERMOGENES：Thatissurelyprobable。 SOCRATES：Yes；andtheverywordthallein（toflourish）seemstofigurethegrowthofyouth，whichisswiftandsuddenever。Andthisisexpressedbythelegislatorinthename，whichisacompoundofthein（running），andallesthai（leaping）。PrayobservehowIgallopawaywhenIgetonsmoothground。Thereareagoodmanynamesgenerallythoughttobeofimportance，whichhavestilltobeexplained。 HERMOGENES：True。 SOCRATES：Thereisthemeaningofthewordtechne（art），forexample。 HERMOGENES：Verytrue。 SOCRATES：Thatmaybeidentifiedwithechonoe，andexpressesthepossessionofmind：youhaveonlytotakeawaythetauandinserttwoomichrons，onebetweenthechiandnu，andanotherbetweenthenuandeta。 HERMOGENES：Thatisaveryshabbyetymology。 SOCRATES：Yes，mydearfriend；butthenyouknowthattheoriginalnameshavebeenlongagoburiedanddisguisedbypeoplestickingonandstrippingofflettersforthesakeofeuphony，andtwistingandbedizeningtheminallsortsofways：andtimetoomayhavehadashareinthechange。Take，forexample，thewordkatoptron；whyistheletterrhoinserted？Thismustsurelybetheadditionofsomeonewhocaresnothingaboutthetruth，butthinksonlyofputtingthemouthintoshape。Andtheadditionsareoftensuchthatatlastnohumanbeingcanpossiblymakeouttheoriginalmeaningoftheword。Anotherexampleisthewordsphigx，sphiggos，whichoughtproperlytobephigx，phiggos，andthereareotherexamples。 HERMOGENES：Thatisquitetrue，Socrates。 SOCRATES：Andyet，ifyouarepermittedtoputinandpulloutanyletterswhichyouplease，nameswillbetooeasilymade，andanynamemaybeadaptedtoanyobject。 HERMOGENES：True。 SOCRATES：Yes，thatistrue。Andthereforeawisedictator，likeyourself，shouldobservethelawsofmoderationandprobability。 HERMOGENES：Suchismydesire。 SOCRATES：Andmine，too，Hermogenes。Butdonotbetoomuchofaprecisian，or’youwillunnervemeofmystrength（Iliad。）。’Whenyouhaveallowedmetoaddmechane（contrivance）totechne（art）Ishallbeatthetopofmybent，forIconceivemechanetobeasignofgreataccomplishment——anein；formekoshasthemeaningofgreatness，andthesetwo，mekosandanein，makeupthewordmechane。But，asIwassaying，beingnowatthetopofmybent，Ishouldliketoconsiderthemeaningofthetwowordsarete（virtue）andkakia（vice）；areteIdonotasyetunderstand，butkakiaistransparent，andagreeswiththeprincipleswhichpreceded，forallthingsbeinginaflux（ionton），kakiaiskakosion（goingbadly）；andthisevilmotionwhenexistinginthesoulhasthegeneralnameofkakia，orvice，speciallyappropriatedtoit。Themeaningofkakosienaimaybefurtherillustratedbytheuseofdeilia（cowardice），whichoughttohavecomeafterandreia，butwasforgotten，and，asIfear，isnottheonlywordwhichhasbeenpassedover。Deiliasignifiesthatthesoulisboundwithastrongchain（desmos），forlianmeansstrength，andthereforedeiliaexpressesthegreatestandstrongestbondofthesoul；andaporia（difficulty）isanevilofthesamenature（froma（alpha）not，andporeuesthaitogo），likeanythingelsewhichisanimpedimenttomotionandmovement。Thenthewordkakiaappearstomeankakosienai，orgoingbadly，orlimpingandhalting；ofwhichtheconsequenceis，thatthesoulbecomesfilledwithvice。Andifkakiaisthenameofthissortofthing，aretewillbetheoppositeofit，signifyinginthefirstplaceeaseofmotion，thenthatthestreamofthegoodsoulisunimpeded，andhasthereforetheattributeofeverflowingwithoutletorhindrance，andisthereforecalledarete，or，morecorrectly，aeireite（ever-flowing），andmayperhapshavehadanotherform，airete（eligible），indicatingthatnothingismoreeligiblethanvirtue，andthishasbeenhammeredintoarete。Idaresaythatyouwilldeemthistobeanotherinventionofmine，butIthinkthatifthepreviouswordkakiawasright，thenareteisalsoright。 HERMOGENES：Butwhatisthemeaningofkakon，whichhasplayedsogreatapartinyourpreviousdiscourse？ SOCRATES：ThatisaverysingularwordaboutwhichIcanhardlyformanopinion，andthereforeImusthaverecoursetomyingeniousdevice。 HERMOGENES：Whatdevice？ SOCRATES：Thedeviceofaforeignorigin，whichIshallgivetothiswordalso。 HERMOGENES：Verylikelyyouareright；butsupposethatweleavethesewordsandendeavourtoseetherationaleofkalonandaischron。 SOCRATES：Themeaningofaischronisevident，beingonlyaeiischonroes（alwayspreventingfromflowing），andthisisinaccordancewithourformerderivations。Forthename-giverwasagreatenemytostagnationofallsorts，andhencehegavethenameaeischorountothatwhichhinderedtheflux（aeiischonroun），andthatisnowbeatentogetherintoaischron。 HERMOGENES：Butwhatdoyousayofkalon？ SOCRATES：Thatismoreobscure；yettheformisonlyduetothequantity，andhasbeenchangedbyalteringomicronupsilonintoomicron。 HERMOGENES：Whatdoyoumean？ SOCRATES：Thisnameappearstodenotemind。 HERMOGENES：Howso？ SOCRATES：Letmeaskyouwhatisthecausewhyanythinghasaname；isnottheprinciplewhichimposesthenamethecause？ HERMOGENES：Certainly。 SOCRATES：AndmustnotthisbethemindofGods，orofmen，orofboth？ HERMOGENES：Yes。 SOCRATES：Isnotmindthatwhichcalled（kalesan）thingsbytheirnames，andisnotmindthebeautiful（kalon）？ HERMOGENES：Thatisevident。 SOCRATES：Andarenottheworksofintelligenceandmindworthyofpraise，andarenototherworksworthyofblame？ HERMOGENES：Certainly。 SOCRATES：Physicdoestheworkofaphysician，andcarpenteringdoestheworksofacarpenter？ HERMOGENES：Exactly。 SOCRATES：Andtheprincipleofbeautydoestheworksofbeauty？ HERMOGENES：Ofcourse。 SOCRATES：Andthatprincipleweaffirmtobemind？ HERMOGENES：Verytrue。 SOCRATES：Thenmindisrightlycalledbeautybecauseshedoestheworkswhichwerecognizeandspeakofasthebeautiful？ HERMOGENES：Thatisevident。 SOCRATES：Whatmorenamesremaintous？ HERMOGENES：Therearethewordswhichareconnectedwithagathonandkalon，suchassumpheronandlusiteloun，ophelimon，kerdaleon，andtheiropposites。 SOCRATES：Themeaningofsumpheron（expedient）Ithinkthatyoumaydiscoverforyourselfbythelightofthepreviousexamples，——foritisasisterwordtoepisteme，meaningjustthemotion（pora）ofthesoulaccompanyingtheworld，andthingswhicharedoneuponthisprinciplearecalledsumphoraorsumpheronta，becausetheyarecarriedroundwiththeworld。 HERMOGENES：Thatisprobable。 SOCRATES：Again，cherdaleon（gainful）iscalledfromcherdos（gain），butyoumustalterthedeltaintonuifyouwanttogetatthemeaning；forthiswordalsosignifiesgood，butinanotherway；hewhogavethenameintendedtoexpressthepowerofadmixture（kerannumenon）anduniversalpenetrationinthegood；informingtheword，however，heinsertedadeltainsteadofanu，andsomadekerdos。 HERMOGENES：Well，butwhatislusiteloun（profitable）？ SOCRATES：Isuppose，Hermogenes，thatpeopledonotmeanbytheprofitablethegainfulorthatwhichpays（luei）theretailer，buttheyusethewordinthesenseofswift。Youregardtheprofitable（lusiteloun），asthatwhichbeingtheswiftestthinginexistence，allowsofnostayinthingsandnopauseorendofmotion，butalways，iftherebeginstobeanyend，letsthingsgoagain（luei），andmakesmotionimmortalandunceasing：andinthispointofview，asappearstome，thegoodishappilydenominatedlusiteloun——beingthatwhichlooses（luon）theend（telos）ofmotion。 Ophelimon（theadvantageous）isderivedfromophellein，meaningthatwhichcreatesandincreases；thislatterisacommonHomericword，andhasaforeigncharacter。 HERMOGENES：Andwhatdoyousayoftheiropposites？ SOCRATES：OfsuchasaremerenegativesIhardlythinkthatIneedspeak。 HERMOGENES：Whicharethey？ SOCRATES：Thewordsaxumphoron（inexpedient），anopheles（unprofitable），alusiteles（unadvantageous），akerdes（ungainful）。 HERMOGENES：True。 SOCRATES：Iwouldrathertakethewordsblaberon（harmful），zemiodes（hurtful）。 HERMOGENES：Good。 SOCRATES：Thewordblaberonisthatwhichissaidtohinderorharm（blaptein）thestream（roun）；blaptonisboulomenonaptein（seekingtoholdorbind）；forapteinisthesameasdein，anddeinisalwaysatermofcensure；boulomenonapteinroun（wantingtobindthestream）wouldproperlybeboulapteroun，andthis，asIimagine，isimprovedintoblaberon。 HERMOGENES：Youbringoutcuriousresults，Socrates，intheuseofnames； andwhenIhearthewordboulapterounIcannothelpimaginingthatyouaremakingyourmouthintoaflute，andpuffingawayatsomepreludetoAthene。 SOCRATES：Thatisthefaultofthemakersofthename，Hermogenes；notmine。 HERMOGENES：Verytrue；butwhatisthederivationofzemiodes？ SOCRATES：Whatisthemeaningofzemiodes？——letmeremark，Hermogenes，howrightIwasinsayingthatgreatchangesaremadeinthemeaningofwordsbyputtinginandpullingoutletters；evenaveryslightpermutationwillsometimesgiveanentirelyoppositesense；Imayinstancetheworddeon，whichoccurstomeatthemoment，andremindsmeofwhatIwasgoingtosaytoyou，thatthefinefashionablelanguageofmoderntimeshastwistedanddisguisedandentirelyalteredtheoriginalmeaningbothofdeon，andalsoofzemiodes，whichintheoldlanguageisclearlyindicated。 HERMOGENES：Whatdoyoumean？ SOCRATES：Iwilltrytoexplain。Youareawarethatourforefatherslovedthesoundsiotaanddelta，especiallythewomen，whoaremostconservativeoftheancientlanguage，butnowtheychangeiotaintoetaorepsilon，anddeltaintozeta；thisissupposedtoincreasethegrandeurofthesound。 HERMOGENES：Howdoyoumean？ SOCRATES：Forexample，inveryancienttimestheycalledthedayeitherimeraoremera（shorte），whichiscalledbyusemera（longe）。 HERMOGENES：Thatistrue。 SOCRATES：Doyouobservethatonlytheancientformshowstheintentionofthegiverofthename？ofwhichthereasonis，thatmenlongfor（imeirousi）andlovethelightwhichcomesafterthedarkness，andisthereforecalledimera，fromimeros，desire。 HERMOGENES：Clearly。 SOCRATES：Butnowthenameissotravestiedthatyoucannottellthemeaning，althoughtherearesomewhoimaginethedaytobecalledemerabecauseitmakesthingsgentle（emeradifferentaccents）。 HERMOGENES：Suchismyview。 SOCRATES：Anddoyouknowthattheancientssaidduogonandnotzugon？ HERMOGENES：Theydidso。 SOCRATES：Andzugon（yoke）hasnomeaning，——itoughttobeduogon，whichwordexpressesthebindingoftwotogether（dueinagoge）forthepurposeofdrawing；——thishasbeenchangedintozugon，andtherearemanyotherexamplesofsimilarchanges。 HERMOGENES：Thereare。 SOCRATES：ProceedinginthesametrainofthoughtImayremarkthattheworddeon（obligation）hasameaningwhichistheoppositeofalltheotherappellationsofgood；fordeonishereaspeciesofgood，andis，nevertheless，thechain（desmos）orhindererofmotion，andthereforeownbrotherofblaberon。 HERMOGENES：Yes，Socrates；thatisquiteplain。 SOCRATES：Notifyourestoretheancientform，whichismorelikelytobethecorrectone，andreaddioninsteadofdeon；ifyouconverttheepsilonintoaniotaaftertheoldfashion，thiswordwillthenagreewithotherwordsmeaninggood；fordion，notdeon，signifiesthegood，andisatermofpraise；andtheauthorofnameshasnotcontradictedhimself，butinallthesevariousappellations，deon（obligatory），ophelimon（advantageous），lusiteloun（profitable），kerdaleon（gainful），agathon（good），sumpheron（expedient），euporon（plenteous），thesameconceptionisimpliedoftheorderingorall-pervadingprinciplewhichispraised，andtherestrainingandbindingprinciplewhichiscensured。Andthisisfurtherillustratedbythewordzemiodes（hurtful），whichifthezetaisonlychangedintodeltaasintheancientlanguage，becomesdemiodes；andthisname，asyouwillperceive，isgiventothatwhichbindsmotion（dountiion）。 HERMOGENES：Whatdoyousayofedone（pleasure），lupe（pain），epithumia（desire），andthelike，Socrates？ SOCRATES：Idonotthink，Hermogenes，thatthereisanygreatdifficultyaboutthem——edoneise（eta）onesis，theactionwhichtendstoadvantage； andtheoriginalformmaybesupposedtohavebeeneone，butthishasbeenalteredbytheinsertionofthedelta。Lupeappearstobederivedfromtherelaxation（luein）whichthebodyfeelswheninsorrow；ania（trouble）isthehindranceofmotion（alphaandienai）；algedon（distress），ifIamnotmistaken，isaforeignword，whichisderivedfromaleinos（grievous）； odune（grief）iscalledfromtheputtingon（endusis）sorrow；inachthedon（vexation）’thewordtoolabours，’asanyonemaysee；chara（joy）istheveryexpressionofthefluencyanddiffusionofthesoul（cheo）；terpsis（delight）issocalledfromthepleasurecreeping（erpon）throughthesoul，whichmaybelikenedtoabreath（pnoe）andisproperlyerpnoun，buthasbeenalteredbytimeintoterpnon；eupherosune（cheerfulness）andepithumiaexplainthemselves；theformer，whichoughttobeeupherosuneandhasbeenchangedeuphrosune，isnamed，aseveryonemaysee，fromthesoulmoving（pheresthai）inharmonywithnature；epithumiaisreallyeepitonthumoniousadunamis，thepowerwhichentersintothesoul；thumos（passion）iscalledfromtherushing（thuseos）andboilingofthesoul；imeros（desire） denotesthestream（rous）whichmostdrawsthesouldiatenesintesroes—— becauseflowingwithdesire（iemenos），andexpressesalongingafterthingsandviolentattractionofthesoultothem，andistermedimerosfrompossessingthispower；pothos（longing）isexpressiveofthedesireofthatwhichisnotpresentbutabsent，andinanotherplace（pou）；thisisthereasonwhythenamepothosisappliedtothingsabsent，asimerosistothingspresent；eros（love）issocalledbecauseflowingin（esron）fromwithout；thestreamisnotinherent，butisaninfluenceintroducedthroughtheeyes，andfromflowinginwascalledesros（influx）intheoldtimewhentheyusedomicronforomega，andiscallederos，nowthatomegaissubstitutedforomicron。Butwhydoyounotgivemeanotherword？ HERMOGENES：Whatdoyouthinkofdoxa（opinion），andthatclassofwords？ SOCRATES：Doxaiseitherderivedfromdioxis（pursuit），andexpressesthemarchofthesoulinthepursuitofknowledge，orfromtheshootingofabow（toxon）；thelatterismorelikely，andisconfirmedbyoiesis（thinking），whichisonlyoisis（moving），andimpliesthemovementofthesoultotheessentialnatureofeachthing——justasboule（counsel）hastodowithshooting（bole）；andboulesthai（towish）combinesthenotionofaiminganddeliberating——allthesewordsseemtofollowdoxa，andallinvolvetheideaofshooting，justasaboulia，absenceofcounsel，ontheotherhand，isamishap，ormissing，ormistakingofthemark，oraim，orproposal，orobject。 HERMOGENES：Youarequickeningyourpacenow，Socrates。 SOCRATES：Whyyes，theendInowdedicatetoGod，not，however，untilI haveexplainedanagke（necessity），whichoughttocomenext，andekousion（thevoluntary）。Ekousioniscertainlytheyielding（eikon）andunresisting——thenotionimpliedisyieldingandnotopposing，yielding，asIwasjustnowsaying，tothatmotionwhichisinaccordancewithourwill； butthenecessaryandresistantbeingcontrarytoourwill，implieserrorandignorance；theideaistakenfromwalkingthrougharavinewhichisimpassable，andrugged，andovergrown，andimpedesmotion——andthisisthederivationofthewordanagkaion（necessary）anagkeion，goingthrougharavine。Butwhilemystrengthlastsletuspersevere，andIhopethatyouwillperseverewithyourquestions。 HERMOGENES：Well，then，letmeaskaboutthegreatestandnoblest，suchasaletheia（truth）andpseudos（falsehood）andon（being），notforgettingtoenquirewhythewordonoma（name），whichisthethemeofourdiscussion，hasthisnameofonoma。 SOCRATES：Youknowthewordmaiesthai（toseek）？ HERMOGENES：Yes；——meaningthesameaszetein（toenquire）。 SOCRATES：Thewordonomaseemstobeacompressedsentence，signifyingonouzetema（beingforwhichthereisasearch）；asisstillmoreobviousinonomaston（notable），whichstatesinsomanywordsthatrealexistenceisthatforwhichthereisaseeking（onoumasma）；aletheiaisalsoanagglomerationoftheiaale（divinewandering），implyingthedivinemotionofexistence；pseudos（falsehood）istheoppositeofmotion；hereisanotherillnamegivenbythelegislatortostagnationandforcedinaction，whichhecomparestosleep（eudein）；buttheoriginalmeaningofthewordisdisguisedbytheadditionofpsi；onandousiaareionwithaniotabrokenoff；thisagreeswiththetrueprinciple，forbeing（on）isalsomoving（ion），andthesamemaybesaidofnotbeing，whichislikewisecallednotgoing（oukionoroukion=oukion）。 HERMOGENES：Youhavehammeredawayatthemmanfully；butsupposethatsomeoneweretosaytoyou，whatisthewordion，andwhatarereonanddoun？—— showmetheirfitness。 SOCRATES：Youmeantosay，howshouldIanswerhim？ HERMOGENES：Yes。 SOCRATES：Onewayofgivingtheappearanceofananswerhasbeenalreadysuggested。 HERMOGENES：Whatway？ SOCRATES：Tosaythatnameswhichwedonotunderstandareofforeignorigin；andthisisverylikelytherightanswer，andsomethingofthiskindmaybetrueofthem；butalsotheoriginalformsofwordsmayhavebeenlostinthelapseofages；nameshavebeensotwistedinallmannerofways，thatIshouldnotbesurprisediftheoldlanguagewhencomparedwiththatnowinusewouldappeartoustobeabarbaroustongue。