40。Theywereconsideredasmorehonourable。SeePhilo，DeSpecialibuslegib。qu？pertinetadpr？ceptadecalogi，p。778，Paris，1640。
41。SeeLeg。8，Cod。deincestisetinutilibusnuptiis。
42。EdifyingLetters，coll。xiv，p。403。
43。\"Thelordappointedcollectorstoreceivethetollfromthepeasant，thegentlemenwereobligedtocontributebythecount，andtheclergytothebishop。\"——Beaumanoir，25，§§13，17。
44。DeLeg。，i。
45。Politics，iii。13。
46。Hyperbolus。SeePlutarch，Aristides。
47。Itwasfoundoppositetothespiritofthelegislator。Seebelow，xxix。7。
48。PlutarchinhiscomparisonbetweenLycurgusandNuma。
49。Plutarch，CatotheYounger。
50。Leg。11§ult。，ff。ad。leg。Jul。deadulteriis。
51。LawoftheVisigoths，iii，tit。4，§6。
52。SeeGarcilassodelaVega，p。108。
53。Seev。14；viii。16—20；ix。4—7；andx。9，10。
54。Venice。
55。Chapter14，partXII。
BookXXVII。
1。OftheOriginandRevolutionsoftheRomanLawsonSuccessions。Thisaffairderivesitsestablishmentfromthemostdistantantiquity，andtopenetratetoitsfoundation，permitmetosearchamongthefirstlawsoftheRomansforwhat，Ibelieve，nobodyyethasbeensohappyastodiscover。
WeknowthatRomulus[1]dividedthelandofhislittlekingdomamonghissubjects；itseemstomethathencethelawsofRomeonsuccessionswerederived。
Thelawofthedivisionoflandsmadeitnecessarythatthepropertyofonefamilyshouldnotpassintoanother：henceitfollowedthattherewerebuttwoordersofheirsestablishedbylaw，thechildrenandallthedescendantsthatlivedunderthepowerofthefather，whomtheycalledsuih？redes，orhisnaturalheirs；and，intheirdefault，thenearestrelativesonthemaleside，whomtheycalledagnati。[2]
Itfollowedlikewise，thattherelativesonthefemaleside，whomtheycalledcognati，oughtnottosucceed；theywouldhaveconveyedtheestateintoanotherfamily，whichwasnotallowed。
Thencealsoitfollowedthatthechildrenoughtnottosucceedtothemother，northemothertoherchildren；forthismightcarrytheestateofonefamilyintoanother。ThusweseethemexcludedbythelawoftheTwelveTables：[3]itcallednonetothesuccessionbuttheagnati，andtherewasnoagnationbetweenthesonandthemother。
Butitwasindifferentwhetherthesuush？res，or，indefaultofsuch，thenearestbyagnation，wasmaleorfemale；because，astherelativesonthemother’ssidecouldnotsucceed，thoughawomanwhowasanheiressshouldhappentomarry，yettheestatealwaysreturnedintothefamilywhenceitcame。Onthisaccount，thelawoftheTwelveTablesdoesnotdistinguish，whetherthepersonwhosucceededwasmaleorfemale。[4]
Thiswasthecausethat，thoughthegrandchildrenbythesonsucceededtothegrandfather，thegrandchildrenbythedaughterdidnotsucceed；
for，topreventtheestatefrompassingintoanotherfamily，theagnatiwerepreferredtothem。Hencethedaughter，andnotherchildren，succeededtothefather。[5]
ThusamongtheprimitiveRomans，thewomensucceeded，whenthiswasagreeabletothelawofthedivisionoflands，andtheydidnotsucceed，whenthismightsufferbyit。
SuchwerethelawsofsuccessionamongtheprimitiveRomans；andasthesehadanaturaldependenceontheconstitution，andwerederivedfromthedivisionoflands，itiseasytoperceivethattheyhadnotaforeignorigin，andwerenotofthenumberofthosebroughtintotherepublicbythedeputiessentintothecitiesofGreece。
DionysiusHalicarnassustellsus[6]thatServiusTullius，findingthelawsofRomulusandNumaonthedivisionoflandsabolished，restoredthem，andmadenewonestogivetheoldagreaterweight。Wecannotthereforedoubtbutthatthelawswehavebeenspeakingof，madeinconsequenceofthisdivision，weretheworkofthesethreeRomanlegislators。
Theorderofsuccessionhavingbeenestablishedinconsequenceofapoliticallaw，nocitizenwasallowedtobreakinuponitbyhisprivatewill；thatis，inthefirstagesofRomehehadnotthepowerofmakingatestament。Yetitwouldhavebeenhardtodeprivehim，inhislastmoments，ofthefriendlycommerceofkindandbeneficentactions。
Theythereforefoundamethodofreconciling，inthisrespect；thelawswiththedesiresoftheindividual。Hewaspermittedtodisposeofhissubstanceinanassemblyofthepeople；andthuseverytestamentwas；insomesort；anactofthelegislativepower。
ThelawoftheTwelveTablespermittedthepersonwhomadehiswilltochoosewhichcitizenhepleasedforhisheir。ThereasonthatinducedtheRomanlawssostrictlytorestrainthenumberofthosewhomightsucceedabintestatowasthelawofthedivisionoflands；andthereasonwhytheyextendedsowidelythepowerofthetestatorwasthat，asthefathermightsellhischildren，[7]hemightwithgreaterreasondeprivethemofhissubstance。Thesewerethereforedifferenteffects，sincetheyflowedfromdifferentprinciples；andsuchis，inthisrespect，thespiritoftheRomanlaws。
TheancientlawsofAthensdidnotsufferacitizentomakeawill。
Solonpermittedit，withanexceptiontothosewhohadchildren；[8]andthelegislatorsofRome，filledwiththeideaofpaternalpower，allowedthemakingawilleventotheprejudiceoftheirchildren。ItmustbeconfessedthattheancientlawsofAthensweremoreconsistentthanthoseofRome。TheindefinitepermissionofmakingawillwhichhadbeengrantedtotheRomans，ruinedlittlebylittlethepoliticalregulationonthedivisionoflands；itwastheprincipalthingthatintroducedthefataldifferencebetweenrichesandpoverty：manyshareswereunitedinthesameperson；somecitizenshadtoomuch，andamultitudeofothershadnothing。Thusthepeoplebeingcontinuallydeprivedoftheirshareswereincessantlycallingoutforanewdistributionoflands。Theydemandeditinanagewhenthefrugality，theparsimonyandthepovertyoftheRomansweretheirdistinguishingcharacteristics；aswellasatatimewhentheirluxuryhadbecomestillmoreastonishing。
Testamentsbeingproperlyalawmadeintheassemblyofthepeople，thosewhowereinthearmyweretherebydeprivedofatestamentarypower。Thepeoplethereforegavethesoldierstheprivilegeofmakingbeforetheircompanions[9]thedispositionswhichshouldhavebeenmadebeforethem。[10]
Thegreatassemblyofthepeoplemetbuttwiceayear；besides，boththepeopleandtheaffairsbroughtbeforethemwereincreased；theythereforejudgeditconvenienttopermitallthecitizenstomaketheirwillbeforesomeRomancitizensofripeage，whoweretorepresentthebodyofthepeople；[11]theytookfivecitizens，[12]inwhosepresencetheinheritorpurchasedhisfamily，thatis，hisinheritance，ofthetestator；[13]anothercitizenbroughtapairofscalestoweighthevalue；fortheRomans，asyet，hadnomoney。[14]
Toallappearancethesefivecitizensweretorepresentthefiveclassesofthepeople；andtheysetnovalueonthesixth，asbeingcomposedofmenwhohadnoproperty。
Weoughtnottosay，withJustinian，thatthesescalesweremerelyimaginary；theybecame，indeed，imaginaryintime，butwerenotsooriginally。Mostofthelaws，whichafterwardsregulatedwills，werebuiltontherealityofthesescales：wefindsufficientproofofthisinthefragmentsofUlpian。[15]Thedeaf，thedumb，theprodigal，couldnotmakeawill：thedeaf，becausehecouldnothearthewordsofthebuyeroftheinheritance；thedumb，becausehecouldnotpronouncethetermsofnomination；theprodigal，becauseashewasexcludedfromthemanagementofallaffairs，hecouldnotsellhisinheritance。Iomitanyfurtherexamples。
Willsbeingmadeintheassemblyofthepeoplewererathertheactsofpoliticalthanofcivillaws，apublicratherthanaprivateright；
whenceitfollowedthatthefather，whilehissonwasunderhisauthority，couldnotgivehimleavetomakeawill。
Amongmostnations，willsarenotsubjecttogreaterformalitiesthanordinarycontracts；becauseboththeoneandtheotherareonlyexpressionsofthewillofhimwhomakesthecontract，andbothareequallyaprivateright。ButamongtheRomans，wheretestamentswerederivedfromthepubliclaw，theywereattendedwithmuchgreaterformalitiesthanotheraffairs；[16]andthisisstillthecaseinthoseprovincesofFrancewhicharegovernedbytheRomanlaw。
Testamentsbeing，asIhavesaid，alawofthepeople，theyoughttobemadewiththeforceofacommand，andinsuchtermsasarecalleddirectandimperative。[17]Hencearulewasformed，thattheycouldneithergivenortransmitaninheritancewithoutmakinguseoftheimperativewords：whenceitfollowed，thattheymightveryjustlyincertaincasesmakeasubstitution；[18]andordain，thattheinheritanceshouldpasstoanotherheir；butthattheycouldnevermakeafiduciarybequest，[19]
thatis，chargeanyoneintermsofentreatytorestoreaninheritance，orapartofit，toanother。
Whenthefatherneitherinstitutedhissonhisheir，nordisinheritedhim，thewillwasannulled；butitwasvalid，thoughhedidnotdisinherithisdaughter，norinstituteherhisheiress。Thereasonisplain：whenheneitherinstitutednordisinheritedhisson，hedidaninjurytohisgrandson，whomighthavesucceededabintestatotohisfather；butinneitherinstitutingnordisinheritinghisdaughter，hedidnoinjurytohisdaughter’schildren，whocouldnotsucceedabintestatototheirmother，becausetheywereneithersuih？redes，noragnati。[20]
ThelawsoftheancientRomansconcerningsuccessions，beingformedwiththesamespiritwhichdictatedthedivisionoflands，didnotsufficientlyrestraintherichesofwomen；thusadoorwasleftopentoluxury，whichisalwaysinseparablefromthissortofopulence。BetweenthesecondandthirdPunicwar，theybegantoperceivetheevilandmadetheVoconianlaw；[21]butastheywereinducedtothisbythemostimportantconsiderations；asbutfewmonumentshavereachedusthattakenoticeofthislaw，andasithashithertobeenspokenofinamostconfusedmanner，Ishallendeavourtoclearitup。
Cicerohaspreservedafragment，whichforbidstheinstitutingawomananheiress，whethershewasmarriedorunmarried。[22]
TheEpitomeofLivy，wherehespeaksofthislaw，saysnomore：[23]itappearsfromCicero[24]andSt。Augustine[25]thatthedaughter，thoughanonlychild，wascomprehendedintheprohibition。
Cato，theelder，contributedallinhispowertogetthislawpassed。[26]AulusGelliuscitesafragmentofaspeech，[27]whichhemadeonthisoccasion。Bypreventingthesuccessionofwomen，hisintentwastotakeawaythesourceofluxury；asbyundertakingthedefenceoftheOppianlaw，heintendedtoputastoptoluxuryitself。
IntheInstitutesofJustinian[28]andTheophilus，[29]mentionismadeofachapteroftheVoconianlawwhichlimitsthepowerofbequeathing。
Inreadingtheseauthors，everybodywouldimaginethatthischapterwasmadetopreventtheinheritancefrombeingsoexhaustedbylegaciesastorenderitunworthyoftheheir’sacceptance。ButthiswasnotthespiritoftheVoconianlaw。Wehavejustseenthattheyhadinviewthehinderingwomenfrominheritinganestate。Thearticleofthislaw，whichsetboundstothepowerofbequeathingenteredintothisview：forifpeoplehadbeenpossessedofthelibertytobequeathasmuchastheypleased，thewomenmighthavereceivedaslegacieswhattheycouldnotreceivebysuccession。
TheVoconianlawwasmadetohinderthewomenfromgrowingtoowealthy；
forthisenditwasnecessarytodeprivethemoflargeinheritances，andnotofsuchaswereincapableofsupportingluxury。Thelawfixedacertainsumtobegiventothewomenwhomitdeprivedofthesuccession。
Cicero，[30]fromwhomwehavethisparticular，doesnottelluswhatwasthesum；butbyDioweareinformeditwasahundredthousandsesterces。[31]
TheVoconianlawwasmadetoregulateopulence，nottolayarestraintuponpoverty；henceCicero[32]informsusthatitrelatedonlytothosewhosenameswereregisteredinthecensors’books。
Thisfurnishedapretenceforeludingthelaw：itiswellknownthattheRomanswereextremelyfondofsetforms；andwehavealreadytakennoticethatitwasthespiritoftherepublictofollowtheletterofthelaw。Therewerefatherswhowouldnotgiveintheirnamestobeenrolledbythecensors，becausetheywouldhaveitintheirpowertoleavethesuccessiontoadaughter：andthepr？torsdeterminedthatthiswasnoviolationoftheVoconianlawsinceitwasnotcontrarytotheletterofit。
OneAniusAsellushadappointedhisdaughterhissoleheirandexecutrix。Hehadarighttomakethisdisposition，saysCicero；[33]hewasnotrestrainedbytheVoconianlaw，sincehewasnotincludedinthecensus。Verres，duringthetimeofhispr？torship，haddeprivedAnius’
daughterofthesuccession；andCiceromaintainsthatVerreshadbeenbribed，otherwisehewouldnothaveannulledadispositionwhichalltheotherpr？torshadconfirmed。
Whatkindofcitizensthenmustthosehavebeen，whowerenotregisteredinthecensusinwhichallthefreemenofRomewereincluded？AccordingtotheinstitutionofServiusTullius，mentionedbyDionysiusofHalicarnassus，[34]everycitizennotenrolledinthecensusbecameaslave；evenCicerohimselfobserves[35]thatsuchamanforfeitedhisliberty，andthesamethingisaffirmedbyZonaras。TheremusthavebeenthereforeadifferencebetweennotbeinginthecensusaccordingtothespiritoftheVoconianlaw，andnotbeinginitaccordingtothespiritofServiusTullius’institutions。
Theywhosenameswerenotregisteredinthefirstfiveclasses，[36]inwhichtheinhabitantsrankedinproportiontotheirfortunes，werenotcomprisedinthecensusaccordingtothespiritoftheVoconianlaw：
theywhowerenotenrolledinoneofthesesixclasses，orwhowerenotrankedbythecensorsamongsuchaswerecalled？rarii，werenotincludedinthecensusaccordingtothespiritofServius’institutions。
Suchwastheforceofnature，thattoeludetheVoconianlawfatherssubmittedtothedisgraceofbeingconfoundedinthesixthclasswiththeproletariiandcapitecensi，orperhapstohavetheirnamesenteredintheC？ritestabul？。[37]
WehaveelsewhereobservedthattheRomanlawsdidnotadmitoffiduciarybequests。ThehopesofevadingtheVoconianlawwerethecauseoftheirbeingintroduced：theyinstitutedanheirqualifiedbythelaw，andtheybeggedhewouldresignthesuccessiontoapersonwhomthelawhadexcluded；thisnewmethodofdispositionwasproductiveofverydifferenteffects。Someresignedtheinheritance；andtheconductofSextusPeduccusonanoccasionofthisnaturewasveryremarkable。[38]A
considerablesuccessionwaslefthim，andnobodylivingknewthathewasdesiredtoresignittoanother，whenhewaiteduponthewidowofthetestatorandmadeovertoherthewholefortunebelongingtoherlatehusband。
Otherskeptpossessionoftheinheritance；andheretheexampleofP。
SextiliusRufusisalsofamous，havingbeenmadeuseofbyCiceroinhisdisputationsagainsttheEpicureans。[39]\"Inmyyoungerdays，\"sayshe，\"IwasdesiredbySextiliustoaccompanyhimtohisfriends，inordertoknowwhetherheoughttorestoretheinheritanceofQuintusFadiusGallustohisdaughterFadia。Therewereseveralyoungpeoplepresent，withothersofmorematurityandjudgment；andnotoneofthemwasofopinionthatheshouldgivemoretoFadiathantheladywasentitledtobytheVoconianlaw。Inconsequenceofthis，Sextiliuskeptpossessionofafineestate，ofwhichhewouldnothaveretainedasinglesestertiushadhepreferredjusticetoutility。Itispossible，addedhe，thatyouwouldhaveresignedtheinheritance；nayitispossiblethatEpicurushimselfwouldhaveresignedit；butyouwouldnothaveactedaccordingtoyourownprinciples。\"HereIshallpausealittletoreflect。
Itisamisfortuneinherentinhumanitythatlegislatorsshouldbesometimesobligedtoenactlawsrepugnanttothedictatesofnature：
suchwastheVoconianlaw。Thereasonis，thelegislatureconsidersthesocietyratherthanthecitizen，andthecitizenratherthantheman。
Thelawsacrificedboththecitizenandtheman，anddirecteditsviewstotheprosperityoftherepublic。Supposeapersonmadeafiduciarybequestinfavourofhisdaughter；thelawpaidnoregardtothesentimentsofnatureinthefather，nortothefilialpietyofthedaughter；allithadaneyetowasthepersontowhomthebequestwasmadeintrust，andwhoonsuchoccasionfoundhimselfinaterribledilemma。Ifherestoredtheestate，hewasabadcitizen；ifhekeptit，hewasabadman。Nonebutgood—naturedpeoplethoughtofeludingthelaw；andtheycouldpitchuponnonebuthonestmentohelpthemtoeludeit；foratrustofthiskindrequiresatriumphoveravariceandinordinatepleasure，whichnonebuthonestmenarelikelytoobtain。
Perhapsinthislighttolookuponthemasbadcitizenswouldhavesavouredtoomuchofseverity。Itisnotimpossiblebutthatthelegislatorcarriedhispointinagreatmeasure，sincehislawwasofsuchanatureasobligednonebuthonestmentoeludeit。
AtthetimewhentheVoconianlawwaspassed，theRomansstillpreservedsomeremainsoftheirancientpurityofmanners。Theirconsciencewassometimesengagedinfavourofthelaw；andtheyweremadetosweartheywouldobserveit：[40]sothathonestyinsomemeasurewassetinoppositionagainstitself。ButlatterlytheirmoralswerecorruptedtosuchadegreethatthefiduciarybequestsmusthavehadlessefficacytoeludetheVoconianlaw，thanthatverylegislatorhadtoenforceitsobservance。
Thecivilwarswerethedestructionofaninfinitenumberofcitizens。
UnderAugustus，Romewasalmostdeserted；itwasnecessarytore—peopleit。TheymadethePapianlaws，whichomittednothingthatcouldencouragethecitizenstomarryandprocreatechildren。[41]Oneoftheprincipalmeanswastoincrease，infavourofthosewhogaveintotheviewsofthelaw，thehopesofbeingheirs，andtodiminishtheexpectationsofthosewhorefused；andastheVoconianlawhadrenderedwomenincapableofsucceeding，thePapianlaw，incertaincases，dispensedwiththisprohibition。[42]
Women，[43]especiallythosewhohadchildren，wererenderedcapableofreceivinginvirtueofthewilloftheirhusbands；theyevenmight，whentheyhadchildren，receiveinvirtueofthewillofstrangers。AllthiswasindirectoppositiontotheregulationsoftheVoconianlaw：andyetitisremarkablethatthespiritofthislawwasnotentirelyabandoned。
Forexample，thePapianlaw，whichpermittedamanwhohadonechild[44]
toreceiveanentireinheritancebythewillofastranger，grantedthesamefavourtothewifeonlywhenshehadthreechildren。[45]
ItmustberemarkedthatthePapianlawdidnotrenderthewomenwhohadthreechildrencapableofsucceedingexceptinvirtueofthewillofstrangers；andthatwithrespecttothesuccessionofrelatives，itlefttheancientlaws，andparticularlytheVoconian，inalltheirforce。[46]
Butthisdidnotlongsubsist。
Rome，corruptedbytherichesofeverynation，hadchangedhermanners；
theputtingastoptotheluxuryofwomenwasnolongerminded。AulusGellius，wholivedunderAdrian，[47]tellsus，thatinhistimetheVoconianlawwasalmostabolished；itwasburiedundertheopulenceofthecity。ThuswefindinthesentencesofPaulus，[48]wholivedunderNiger，andinthefragmentsofUlpian，[49]whowasinthetimeofAlexanderSeverus，thatthesistersonthefather’ssidemightsucceed，andthatnonebuttherelativesofamoredistantdegreewereinthecaseofthoseprohibitedbytheVoconianlaw。
TheancientlawsofRomebegantobethoughtsevere。Thepr？torswerenolongermovedexceptbyreasonsofequity，moderation，anddecorum。
Wehaveseen，thatbytheancientlawsofRomemothershadnoshareintheinheritanceoftheirchildren。TheVoconianlawaffordedanewreasonfortheirexclusion。ButtheEmperorClaudiusgavethemotherthesuccessionofherchildrenasaconsolationforherloss。TheTertulliansenatusconsultum，madeunderAdrian，[50]gaveitthemwhentheyhadthreechildreniffreewomen，orfouriftheywerefreedwomen。Itisevident，thatthisdecreeofthesenatewasonlyanextensionofthePapianlaw，whichinthesamecasehadgrantedtowomentheinheritanceleftthembystrangers。AtlengthJustinianfavouredthemwiththesuccessionindependentlyofthenumberoftheirchildren。[51]
Thesamecauseswhichhaddebilitatedthelawagainstthesuccessionofwomensubvertedthat，bydegrees，whichhadlimitedthesuccessionoftherelativesonthewoman’sside。
Theselawswereextremelyconformabletothespiritofagoodrepublic，wheretheyoughttohavesuchaninfluenceastopreventthissexfromrenderingeitherthepossession，ortheexpectationofwealth，aninstrumentofluxury。Onthecontrary，theluxuryofamonarchyrenderingmarriageexpensiveandcostly，itoughttobethereencouraged，bothbythericheswhichwomenmaybestow，andbythehopeoftheinheritancesitisintheirpowertoprocure。ThuswhenmonarchywasestablishedatRome，thewholesystemofsuccessionswaschanged。
Thepr？torscalledtherelativesofthewoman’ssideindefaultofthoseofthemaleside；thoughbytheancientlaws，therelativesonthewoman’ssidewerenevercalled。TheOrphitiansenatusconsultumcalledchildrentothesuccessionoftheirmother；andtheEmperorsValentinian，Theodosius，andArcadiuscalledthegrandchildrenbythedaughtertothesuccessionofthegrandfather。[52]Inshort，theEmperorJustinian[53]leftnottheleastvestigeoftheancientrightofsuccessions：heestablishedthreeordersofheirs，thedescendants，theascendants，andthecollaterals，withoutanydistinctionbetweenthemalesandfemales；betweentherelativesonthewoman’sside，andthoseonthemaleside；andabrogatedalllawsofthiskind，whichwerestillinforce：hebelievedthathefollowednature，evenindeviatingfromwhathecalledtheembarrassmentsoftheancientjurisprudence。
______
1。DionysiusHalicarnassus，ii。3。Plutarch’scomparisonbetweenNumaandLycurgus。
2。Astsiintestatomoriturcuisuush？resnecexhabit，agnatusproximusfamiliamhabeto。FragmentofthelawoftheTwelveTablesinUlpian，thelasttitle。
3。SeeUlpian，Fragment。，§8，tit。26。Institutes，tit。3，Inpr？mioadS。C。Tertullianum。
4。Paul，Sentences，tit。8，§3。
5。Institutes，iii，tit。1，§15。
6。Bookiv，p。276。
7。DionysiusHalicarnassusproves，byalawofNuma，thatthelawwhichpermittedafathertosellhissonthreetimeswasmadebyRomulus，andnotbytheDecemvirs。——Bookii。
8。SeePlutarch，Solon。
9。Thistestament，calledinprocinctu，wasdifferentfromthatwhichtheystyledmilitary，whichwasestablishedonlybytheconstitutionsoftheemperors。Leg。1，ff。demilitaritestamento。Thiswasoneoftheartificesbywhichtheycajoledthesoldiers。
10。Thistestamentwasnotinwriting，anditwaswithoutformality，sinelibraettabulis，asCicerosays，DeOrat。，i。
11。Institutes，ii，tit。10，§1。AulusGellius，xv。27。Theycalledthisformoftestamentper？setlibram。
12。Ulpian，tit。10，§2。
13。Theophilus，Institutes，ii，tit。10。
14。Livy，iv，Nondumargentumsignatumerat。HespeaksofthetimeofthesiegeofVeii。
15。Tit。20，§13。
16。Institutes，ii，tit。10，§1。
17。LetTitusbemyheir。
18。Vulgar，pupillary，andexemplary。
19。Augustus，forparticularreasons，firstbegantoauthorisethefiduciarybequest，which，intheRomanlaw，wascalledfideicommissum。
Institutes，ii，tit。23，§1。
20。Adliberosmatrisintestat？h？reditas，leg。12Tab。，nonpertinebat，quia，f？min？suosh？redesnonhabent。Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。26，§7。
21。ItwasproposedbyQuintusVoconius，tribuneofthepeople，intheyear585ofRome，169B。C。SeeCicero，SecondOrationagainstVerres。IntheEpitomeofLivy，xliweshouldreadVoconius，insteadofVoluminus。
22。Sanxit……nequish？redemvirginernnevemulieremfaceret。——
Cicero，SecondOrationagainstVerres，107。
23。Legemtulit，nequish？redemmuliereminstitueret——Bookxli。
24。SecondOrationagainstVerres。
25。CityofGod，iii。21。
26。EpitomeofLivy，xli。
27。Bookxvii，6。
28。Institutes，ii，tit。22
29。Ibid。
30。NemocensuitplusFadi？dandum，quampossetadcamlegeVoconiapervenire。DeFinib。bonietmali，ii。55。
31。CumlegeVoconiamulieribusprohiberetur，nequamajoremcentummillibusnummumh？reditatempossetadire。Booklvi。
32。Quicensusesset。SecondOrationagainstVerres。
33。Censusnonerat。Ibid。
34。Bookiv。
35。OratioproC？cinna。
36。Thesefiveclassesweresoconsiderable，thatauthorssometimesmentionnomorethanfive。
37。InC？ritumtabulasreferri；？rariusfieri。
38。Cicero，DeFinib。bonietmali，ii。58。
39。Ibid。
40。Sextiliussaidhehadsworntoobserveit。——Cicero，DeFinib。bonietmali，ii。55。
41。Seewhathasbeensaidinxxiii。21。
42。ThesamedifferenceoccursinseveralregulationsofthePapianlaw。
SeeUlpian，Fragment。tit。ult。，§§4，5，6。
43。SeeUlpian，Fragment。，tit。15，§16。
44。Quodtibifiliolus，velfilianasciturexme，JuraParentishabes；
proptermescriberish？res。——Juvenal，Sat。ix。5，83，87。
45。SeeLeg。9，Cod。Theod。Debonisproscriptorum，andDio，lv。SeeUlpian，Fragment。，tit。ult。，§6，andtit。29，§3。
46。Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。16，§1。Sozomenus，i。29。
47。Bookxx。1。
48。Bookiv，tit。8，§3。
49。Tit。26，§6。
50。Thatis，theEmperorPiuswhochangedhisnametothatofAdrianbyadoption。
